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1

Z dziejów komun włoskich : zniszczenie i odbudowa Lodi w 1158 roku

Podemski P.

Zeszyty Naukowe AON

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2010

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nr 1(78)

300-319

EN

The article aims at presenting the fall and reconstruction of the town of Lodi in Lombardy as a case study, revealing some principal characteristics of the microcosm of Italian communes in the 12th century: internal factionalism and the struggle for emancipation from the imperial rule. Lodi, a little town of ancient origin, situatedjust 27 kilometres to the south east of Milan, was considered its potential rival in terms of commercial opportunities and thus from the beginnings of the 11th century has undergone a series of attempts to be either subordinated or crashed by the mighty neighbour. The struggle for survival and prosperity was a part of a far greater conflict According to one of the Middle Ages’ favourite myths and political visions it was the King of Germany and the Roman Emperor at the same time, who was supposed to be the master of all of northern Italy. It was up to the current king and emperor and his political strength to what extent his ambitions and rights were respected by the wealthy and proud Italian communal towns. Frederick Barbarossa, having become king in 1152, was widely known to be anxious to restore his real power and authority in the entire realm. Thus, some citizens of Lodi present at the royal court in Germany, did not waste the opportunity to declare themselves as most faithful subjects and to denounce the aggressive actions of the Milanese against their home town. This act had a wide range of consequences. Willing to punish and humiliate the rebellious subjects anyway, Frederick obviously sided with Lodi and addressed Milan with a message, urging them to respect the rights of their neighbours and announcing an investigation upon his own arrival to Italy. Terrorized and furious at the same time, the ruling classes of Milan decided to prepare for the general confrontation by dealing with the king's supporters at home. The town of Lodi was occupied, pillaged and destroyed with the inhabitants forced to leave. Even though the king and future emperor was unable to protect his followers at once, he arrived shortly after, besieged and humiliated Milan and ordered the town of Lodi to be rebuilt as a symbol of his own generosity and power. Strangely enough, just a few years later Barbarossa had to face a coalition of Italian towns again in the battle of Legnano (1176) with Lodi fighting on the side of the Lombard League.

2

Microphotoreflectance spectroscopy - a modulation technique with high spatial resolution

Sęk G., Podemski P., Rudno-Rudziński W., Gumienny Z., Misiewicz J.

Optica Applicata

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2007

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Vol. 37, nr 4

439-447

EN

There is presented an experimental setup for the measurements of photomodulated reflectivity spectra of low-dimensional semiconductor structures with a micrometer spatial (plane) resolution. The setup has been developed as an extended and improved version of a standard bright configuration, i.e., where the probe beam is provided directly by a broad band light source (e.g., halogen lamp) and then it is dispersed after being reflected off the sample. It gives typically the plane resolution, expressed by the spot size of the beams on the sample surface, on the level of single millimetres. Introducing optics, based on a long working distance and a high numerical aperture microscope objective, has allowed decreasing the spot size by three orders of magnitude into the micrometer range for both the probe and the pump beams. The optimization of microphotoreflectance signal to noise ratio has made it possible to detect the normalized reflectivity coefficient changes (?R/R) from an ultrathin single quantum well formed of the wetting layer in the structure with self-assembled InAs/GaAs quantum dots and from single pillar microresonators of the lateral sizes in the range of single micrometers.

3

Propaganda ateńska i antyateńska w przededniu wojny peloponeskiej

Podemski P.

Zeszyty Naukowe AON

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2002

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nr 2(47)

416--436

EN

The propaganda battle between the Greeks before the Peloponnesian Wars that can be recreated thanks to the work of Thucydides had a solemn and harsh character as Athens and Sparta constituted two entirely different models of Greek polis. The aim of both sides was to prove their rights in questionable matters and propagate the conviction of their own superiority over the opponent. Propaganda was both to strengthen their own position and weaken the adversaries. Therefore it was addressed both to friends and to enemies as well. Its tool, obvious in Greek conditions, was a spoken word. The anti-Athens (Peloponnesian) side took over the initiative at the very beginning. The Corinthians charged the Athens with the tendency to subordinate the whole Greece and accused them of oppressing poleis subordinated to them in the Sea Union. Athenian democracy was ridiculed as a system of mob government leading to the state degeneration. The Peloponnesians trusted in their own ethnic superiority over the Athenians - the superiority of the Dorics over the Ionics. Finally religious arguments were used, reminding of famous Alchmeonids’ crime and spreading favourable Delphic oracle. In these circumstances the Athenian propaganda took defensive shape trying to justify its own actions and deter the enemy not to take war actions. The Athenians claimed that they deserve to govern Ionia as a reward for their services during the wars against Persia. They praised democracy as the majority rule. The rejected accusations of effeminacy, claiming that, although they are not professional warriors as the Spartans, they could oppose them with their inborn bravery and fleet. Arguments voiced in defence of the Sea Union institution sounded so unconvincing then that Thucydides passed them over in silence. The Athenians raised also the issue of the profanation of the Temple of Athena by the Spartans. Athenian propaganda only created a response to the rival accusations, an answer that could convince nobody except the Athenians themselves. The opposite side won the propaganda battle, as well as the wars. The Spartans and their allies set out to fight to “free Hellada”.