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1

Modification of the atmospheric load of elements during passage through foliaged canopies of five tree species of temperate zone forests

Kram K.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2010

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Vol. 58, nr 1

87-101

EN

Atmospheric load is an important source of nutrients and pollutants to ecosystems. During the flux through forest canopies that deposition is intensively modified enriching in some elements and pooring in others. Both, atmospheric load and flux of elements through forest canopies, were investigated in the Kampinos National Park (central Poland) during vegetative seasons (April-October) of the years 1998 and 2000. Throughfall was compared with atmospheric deposition in five different forest ecosystems: pine, birch, locust tree, alder, and oak. Atmospheric deposition data was obtained from rain collectors equipped with artificial foliage of an area similar to the actual leaf surface area in a given ecosystem. Results showed that H[^+] and Pb[^2+] flowed passively through tree canopies. NO[3^-], PO[4^3-], SO[4^2-], NH[4^+], Na[^+], Cd[^2+], Zn[^2+] and Cu[^2+] were retained in the canopies (the process was the most intensive for ammonium - 58%, and phosphorus - 60% retained), whileCl[^-], Mg[^2+], K[^+] and Ca[^2+] were leached out of canopies (throughfall, in comparison to bulk precipitation, was enriched by up to 109% in case of potassium). These processes all occurred more vigorously in deciduous trees, like alder and oak, and less intensively or not at all in pine tree stands. Trees living in symbiosis with nitrogen-fixing microorganisms (alder and locust tree) were equally effective at trapping nitrogen from atmospheric loads, as at non-symbiotic tree species. The calendar day has no influence on the throughfall balance of elements with the only exception for calcium (only in alder forest also magnesium and chlorine), which was more intensively leached out during the autumn then on the beginning of vegetation season.

2

Nitrogen deposition and flux through three birch stands (Betula pubescens Ehrh.) in the Kampinos National Park (central Poland)

Kram K.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2008

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Vol. 56, nr 4

605-612

EN

Nitrogen flow through birch stand canopies was studied in the Kampinos National Park (large forested area with inland dunes and wetlands close to Warsaw) during the growing seasons (April-October) of 2005-2006. The amount of nitrogen deposition including main forms like NO[3], NH[4], organic N and the aerosolgaseous fraction of deposition were estimated as well as the influence of birch canopies on this process. Because a method of "artificial foliage" allows to measure an aerosol-gaseous fraction of deposition a gradient of rain collectors equipped with artificial foliage of known surfaces were used. The results were compared with amounts of nitrogen measured in the throughfall of three birch forests. All stands (age 20.50 years) were rather similar, but stand II has smaller LAI (Leaf Area Index = 2.5 m[^2] m[^-2]) than stands II and III (3.8 and 3.9 m[^2] m[-2]). It was found that nitrogen deposition in the Kampinos National Park is rather high - 1.6 kg ha[^-1] month[-1]. Ammoniumnitrogen made almost half of this value, organic nitrogen - over one third, and nitrate-nitrogen constituted the rest. Aerosol-gaseous input significantly made the deposition increased only in the case of nitrate-nitrogen, but deposition of ammonium- and organic nitrogen were similar and independent of catching leaf area. All fractions of nitrogen were effectively taken up during their passing through birch canopies (57% of nitrogen deposition was retained). Generally two thirds of deposited ammonium-nitrogen, more than half of organic N, and one third of nitratenitrogen were taken up by birch canopies. However, uptake efficiency of all N forms was lower for stand with smallest leaf area with no statistically significant retention of organic N.

3

Bulk deposition and Aerosol-gaseous input of elements in the forested area of coastal region (Pomerania, North Poland)

Kram K.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2005

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Vol. 53, nr 2

261-268

EN

The study was conducted in the region of Pomerania in North Poland (Człuchów Forest) 85 km south-east from the coast of the Baltic Sea, in the growing season (April-October) 2001-2002. Using collectors with artificial leaves of known surface areas (2,4 and 6 m2 m-2) the aerosol-gaseous input into standard rain collectors. It was found that input of Ca2+ was the highest (mean 772 g ha-1 month-1), followed by N-NH4+, S-SO42-, Cl-, N-NO3-, Na+, K+, Mg2+ and P-PO43-, while the input of H+ was the lowest (mean 5g ha-1 month-1). The input of great majority of elements clearly increased with surface area of the artificial leaves (Na+, N-NH4+, K+, Mg2+, Cl-, N-NO3-, S-SO42). In genera, with the increase of artificial leaves area from 0 to 10 m2 m-2 (Q10 index), the rise of input varied from 1,72 (S-SO42-) to 2,26 (Cl-). The process did not take places only for Ca2+, P-PO43-,H+, atmospheric water, and dust. These tendencies occurred in both two years of studies, and the differences of the results were small. Atmospheric input of elements in the Człuchów Forest was relatively small comparing to other parts of Poland. As far as the aerosol-gaseous fraction of input was concerned, the greatest role had the elements related to aerosol of seawater origins, like chlorine, sodium and magnesium.

4

Influence of leaf area on atmospheric input of elements to the ecosystems of the Kampinos National Park (Central Poland)

Kram K.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2001

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Vol. 49, nr 4

327-337

EN

The study was conducted in the buffer zone of the Kampinos National Park 30 km north from Warsaw in the growing seasons (April-October) of 1997-1999. In addition to element input into common rain collectors, their aerosol-gaseous input was determined, using collectors with artificial leaves of known surface areas - 2, 6 and 12 m^2 n^-2. It was found that the input of the majority of elements markedly increased with increasing artificial leaf area (Na'+, N-NH4'+, Mg'2+, Cl'-, N-NO3'-, S-SO4^2-, P-PO4^3-, and less intensively Cd'2+ and Cu'2+). This was not the case of H'+, Zn'2+, Pb'2+, and atmospheric input of water. Proportional increase in anions and cations neutralising them accompanied increasing artificial leaf area, so that water acidity was stable. As a result of parallel increases in the input of most elements with increasing leaf area proportions between elements were maintained at fairly the same level in leaf area gradient.

5

Influence of species composition and forest age on leaf area index

Kram K.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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1998

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Vol. 46, no 1

75-88

EN

Investigations of leaf area index (LAI) were performed in forest stands of pine, beech as well as birch, alder, spruce, larch and oak using the LAI-2000 Plant Canopy Analyser made by American corporation LI-COR. Canopy LAI has been found to differ considerably depending on both dominant tree species and stand age. From among the species examined spruce exhibited the highest LAI amounting to 10.0 m^2 m^-2, where other species had much lower LAI-s (within a range 1.6-6.3 m^2 m^-2).Canopy LAI increased rapidly in young stands attained a peak at approximately age 20 and decreased slowly thereafter. It has been revealed that projected leaf area of an individual tree increases linearly as the tree grows older.