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EN
Groundwater age plays an important role in both development and management of groundwater resources. This is particularly true for groundwater systems being exploitedfor drinking water purposes and subject to anthropogenic stress. Environmental isotopes play a vital role in quantifying time scales of groundwater flow, ranging from fraction of a year to millions of years. Over the past several decades a large number of groundwater age indicators have been proposed. Apart of radioactive isotopes, also stable isotopes of water, isotopes of noble gases and anthropogenic trace substances present in the atmosphere have been usedfor this purpose. This work is focusing on methodological aspects of groundwater age determinations using tritium, radiocarbon and stable isotope composition of water. The discussion is based on a rich material available after several decades of application of environmental isotope techniques in groundwater studies in Poland.
EN
Groundwater Dependent Ecosystems (GDE) are important elements of biodiversity and providers of valuable goods and services to society. Preservation of their environmental functions in the face of increasing anthropogenic pressures on groundwater resources and progressive climate change depends on appropriate environmental policies and water resources management. A brief overview of current knowledge of the functioning of GDE and their relations with groundwater is given in the first part of the article. Effective incorporation of GDE into the policy and practice of water resources management depends on thorough understanding of how hydrogeological processes and human impacts influence the quantity and quality of groundwater available to ecosystems. Major scientific challenges in this regard are related to adequate representation of GDE in the conceptual and re lated numeri cal models of groundwater systems. An example of a GDE (Wielkie Błoto fen in southern Poland) is discussed in some detail in the second part of the article. It illustrates some of the pressures and threats which GDE located in densely populated regions of the European continent are experiencing nowadays. Selected research tools used to quantify those pressures and threats are described and discussed.
EN
An overview of long-term, sysiematic observations of trace gas composition of the atmosphere over southern Poland is given. Three major greenhouse gases (CO2, CH4, N2O) and selected halocarbons (freons F-11, F-12 and F-113; chloroform; 1,1,1-trichloroetane; carbon tetrachloride; sulphur hexafluoride and trifluoromethyl sulphur pentafuoride) were monitored. Measurements were performed at two locations of contrasting characteristics: (1) the high-mountain site Kasprowy Wierch, High Tatras, representing atmospheric conditions relatively free of local influences, and (2) two sites located in the Kraków agglomeration, representing a typical urban atmosphere. The data available for Kraków and Kasprowy Wierch were compared with the Mace Head data, representing a marine regional background. The impact of continental sources for some of the measured gases is clearly seen in the Kraków and Kasprowy Wierch records. The mean offset between CH4 concentrations recorded at Kasprowy Wierch and at Mace Head for the period 1998-2012 is 20.7 ppb and stems from continental emissions of this gas originating mainly from anthropogenic activities (leaks of natural gas distribution networks, landfills, livestock). For N2O, a similar offset of ca. 1 ppb for the period 2009-2012 was observed. Although the long-term concentration trends of selected halogenated compounds measured in Kraków coincide in general with the respective trends in Mace Head data, the Kraków records contain numerous spikes and periods of enhanced concentrations, reflecting the impact of local sources of these compounds. The impact of a legislative framework enforced in Poland in July 2002, regulating the trade, storage and disposal of ozone-depleting substances, is visible in the Kraków record of halogenated compounds.
4
Content available Kompas satelitarny jako kompas na rejony polarne
PL
W ostatniej dekadzie coraz powszechniejsze zastosowanie znajdują tzw. kompasy satelitarne (specyficzna odmiana odbiorników nawigacji satelitarnej), które poza standardowymi dla odbiorników systemu GPS informacjami pozwalają wyznaczać kąty orientacji przestrzennej nosiciela. Atrakcyjność tych kompasów zdaje się wzrastać wraz ze wzrostem szerokości geograficznej akwenu, w przeciwieństwie do tradycyjnych rozwiązań magnetycznych i żyroskopowych, które w tych rejonach wykazują istotne niedoskonałości. W artykule opisano badania istotnych własności pomiarowych wybranych konstrukcji kompasów satelitarnych w rejonach polarnych obejmujących wody okalające Spitsbergen oraz na Zatoce Gdańskiej.
EN
For the last decade so called satellite compasses (special version of satellite navigation receivers) have been in more and more common use. Apart from standard GPS data they can also be used to determine special orientation angles of the carrier. The attraction of these compasses seems to be growing with the growth of geographical latitude of the water area in contrast to traditional magnetic and gyroscopic solutions, which display significant imperfections in these regions. The paper presents the results of significant measurement properties of some selected satellite compasses in polar regions including waters around Spitsbergen and the Bay of Gdańsk.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono główne kierunki zmian w dyrektywach UE (Ramowa Dyrektywa Wodna, dyrektywa dotycząca ochrony wód podziemnych) pod kątem pełniejszego uwzględnienia roli i znaczenia wód podziemnych w gospodarowaniu wodami, a wypracowanych w ramach projektu 7 Programu Ramowego UE o akronimie GENESIS, w którym ze strony polskiej biorą udział zespoły z Akademii Górniczo- Hutniczej w Krakowie i Politechniki Krakowskiej.
EN
The article presents the main directions of changes in the EU directives (Framework Water Directive, directive on ground waters protection) in terms of deepened consideration of the role and importance of ground waters in the water management, worked out as part of the 7th EU Framework GENESIS Programme, realised with participation of Polish teams from the Academy of Mining and Metallurgy in Cracow and the Cracow University of Technology.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono problemy z jednoznaczną oceną stanu ilościowego i chemicznego wynikające ze zmienności pionowej wybranych parametrów fizykochemicznych wody podziemnej. Badania zrealizowano w otworze Rybna 57 o głębokości 260 m ujmującego wody szczelinowo-krasowego GZWP 326 Częstochowa E. Otwór ten jest orurowany tylko do głębokości 80 m ppt. Wykonane na różnych głębokościach pomiary ciśnienia wykazały możliwość przepływów pionowych. Zmienność w pionie stężeń trytu pozwoliła na interpretację wieku wody podziemnej dopływającej do otworu. Zauważono także zmienność pionową stężeń azotanów i chromu, będących głównymi zanieczyszczeniami w obszarze badań.
EN
On ехаmрlе of investigations in Rybna no.57 well are shown the problem with precise determination of quantitative and chemical status. The well with depth of 260 m is located in the upper Jurassic Major Groundwater Basin No.326 north of Częstochowa. In the section from 80 m below land surface to the bottom the well is unscreened. The measurement of vertical hydrostatic pressure variability shows possibility of water flow inside the well. The vertical variability of tritium concentration created the possibility of water age interpretation. Nitrate and chromium which are the most important pollution indicators in that region, shows also vertical changeability.
PL
W artykule krótko przedstawiono charakterystykę europejskiego projektu FP-7 GENESIS oraz doświadczenia wynikające z badania polskich obszarów testowych włączonych do projektu. W zrozumieniu systemu krążenia wód podziemnych najważniejsza jest rola skali czasowej oraz ocena środowiskowej roli wody. W prezentacji skali czasowej bardzo ważne są proste modele konceptualne. Bardziej zaawansowane modelowanie numeryczne wymaga nowych metod ograniczających niepewność prognoz. Jedną z przedstawionych w artykule metod jest kalibracja modeli przepływu i transportu przy pomocy znaczników środowiskowych w kolejnych krokach zależnych od dostępnych danych oraz przedziałów wieków wody.
EN
The paper briefly describes the European FP7 project GENESIS and lessons learned from the Polish case studies involved into the project. The most important are the role of time scales in understanding the groundwater flow system and environmental water requirements. Simple conceptual models are very important for time scale presentation. More sophisticated numerical modeling needs new methods of uncertainty control. One of them shown in the paper is calibration of flow and transport models with the aid of tracers in steps related to available data and age ranges.
EN
Denitrification is the only process leading to reduction of nitrate concentration in groundwater. In this paper the authors report the results of combined measurements of excess gaseous nitrogen and 18O and 15N isotope composition of dissolved nitrate in fissured-karstic Triassic aquifer located in southwestern Poland, in the vicinity of Opole. Generally, the wells located in the confined part of the aquifer reveal greatly reduced nitrate content (ca. 0.3 and 2.7 mg NO3/dm3). Such decrease of nitrate content together with δ18O and δ15N data for those wells suggest well-advanced denitrification process. Enrichment in 15N and 18O of the remaining nitrate corresponds to initial nitrate content in the order of 1.5 to 12 mg NO3/dm3. Lack of tritium in those wells suggest the pre-bomb age of water and natural range of initial nitrate content. In majority of the measured wells nitrogen excess has been below the detection limit of ca. 3.5 mg NO3/dm3. This method is not sensitive enough to detect denitrification of natural nitrate which concentrations in groundwater in the study area were generally below 10 mg NO3/dm3. The presented study demonstrated that combining isotope analyses of nitrates with tritium or other transient tracers may provide additional insights into the dynamics of water and nitrate transformation in groundwater systems.
EN
Two methods of sample preparation for isotopic analyses of nitrates dissolved in water are presented: (i) chemical conversion of NO3– to N2 and CO2, and (ii) bacterial reduction of NO3– to N2O, followed by the measurement of nitrogen and oxygen isotope composition of these gases. Both methods have been successfully used for routine isotope analyses of dissolved nitrates in different types of water. The chemical conversion method, requiring ca. 300 mi mol of NO3– yields relatively good precision, in the order of 0.3‰ for delta15N, and 0.6‰ for delta18 O. The bacterial reduction method was modified in this study to accommodate samples of intermediate size (ca. 30 mmol of NO3–) to provide sufficient amount of N2O gas for isotope analysis using conventional IRMS. The method demonstrated satisfactory results, although sample preparation was more complicated and required access to microbiological laboratory.
10
Content available remote Detection of atmospheric hydrogen using ECD detector doped with N2O
EN
Atmospheric concentrations of molecular hydrogen are commonly measured with the aid of commercial reduction gas analysers (RGA). An alternative technique of H, detection has been proposed and tested. It is based on commercial automated gas chromatograph equipped with a μ-ECD detector doped with N2O. The main advantage of the presented method is its suitability for high-precision monitoring of atmospheric H2. Typical precision of single analysis, which was obtained in the tests of the system, is in the order of l nmol mol-1. This value is comparable to the precision offered by commercial RGA detectors. The (j-ECD detector investigated in this study revealed linear response in the range of H, concentrations encountered in atmospheric monitoring. The main disadvantage of the method is high sensitivity of the &mu-ECD detector to the impurities in gases used in the analytical system.
PL
Pomiary stężenia wodoru cząsteczkowego w atmosferze są prowadzone na świecie od wielu lat ze względu na wpływ wodoru na budżet innych gazów, w tym także gazów czynnych w efekcie cieplarnianym. Najczęściej wykorzystuje się do tego celu detektory rtęciowe, które jednak z powodu znacznej nieliniowości nie są rozwiązaniem optymalnym. W niniejszej pracy zaprezentowano alternatywną technikę pomiaru zawartości H2 w atmosferze, w której wykorzystano detektor wychwytu elektronów domieszkowany podtlenkiem azotu. Drogą eksperymentalną wyznaczono warunki pracy detektora zapewniające wysoką precyzję pomiaru wodoru (ok. 1 nmol mol-1) przy bardzo dobrej liniowości w pełnym zakresie pomiarowym stężeń tego gazu w troposferze.
EN
Radiocarbon dating applied on several occasions in the past to date animal bones and animal soft tissue originating from the area of the Starunia palaeontological site turned out to be very controversial. Although investigations of Pleistocene flora in the Starunia area go back to the beginning of the 20th century, no published 14C dates of such material are available to date. Sixteen boreholes drilled in the area of the Pleistocene mammals discoveries, in the framework of a multidisciplinary research project (2006-2009), have been selected for radiocarbon dating of plant macrofossils. Moreover, five samples of plant remnants extracted from two outcrops in the area were 14C-dated. The nature of the dated plant material, in some cases soaked with oil, posed specific methodological problems. Although applied chemical treatment of macrofossil samples led to complete removal of contaminating hydrocarbons in the case of small pieces, some ageing effects in terms of radiocarbon dating cannot be completely ruled out. Radiocarbon ages of macrofossil samples originating from the close neighbourhood of the location, where the "second" woolly rhinoceros was found at a depth of 12.5 m, suggest that the minimum age of sediments in which the Pleistocene mammals were found is in the range of ca. 35-40 ka BP. A broad consistency between palynological reconstruction of Younger Dryas/Preboreal boundary and the corresponding radiocarbon ages of macrofossils is observed for locations, where the natural sedimentary sequence for late Glacial and early Holocene was not disturbed by extensive mining activity in the area.
EN
Sarmatian sands and bur ied Pleis to cene val leys of the Kedzierzyn-Głubczyce Subtrough represent one of the main aquifers in southern Poland ( MGWB-332 - Major Ground Water Basin). This aquifer is intensively exploited, supplying tap water for the human population and for industry in the whole area; but, being confined, it has no influence on the ground water ecosystems. Two Ground Water Bodies (GWB-128 and GWB-129), introduced by administrative decisions according to EUDirectives, approximately cover the area of MGWB-332. The present study is related to the eastern part, the Sarmatian and buriedval eys sands of MGWB-332, i.e. to the most im - portant part of the multiaquifer GWB-129 which in profile consists of Holocene and Pleistocene sands, confined Sarmatian and Pleistocene buried valley sands, and Badenian sands. The presence and influence of deeper permeable formations is not addressed. The Sarmatian and Badenian aquifers are recharged and drained mainly by vertical seepages. Hydrodynamic modelling of the whole Kędzierzyn-Głubczyce Subthrough and tracer data indicate modern ages at the out crops of the Sarmatian under the Pleistocene deposits and mid to early Holocene ages close to the Odra River valley. Waters are of the HCO3-Ca type, changing at the centre of the Sarmatian to the SO4-Ca type due to the contribution of ascending sulphate water from the Badenian strata, whereas water in the buried Quaternary valley is of the HCO3-Na type, which means no significant contribution of ascending waters. Polluted modern waters occur only at the north west ern boundary in the area of the hydrogeological window. The quality of waters and their hydrochemistry result from water-rock in teractions and seepage exchanges with overlying and underlying aquifers belonging to the same GWB. Natural distributions of most major, minor and trace constituents are very wide, exemplifying difficulties in defining the quality of water in aunique way for the whole aquifer and particularly for the investigated multi-aquifer GWB.
EN
ECD detectors, operated in the solute-switching mode, have been developed for determina- , tion of SF5CF3 mixing ratios in the atmosphere. Special home-made modulator-detector system equipped with two ECD detectors and a 63Ni source has been constructed. The constructed system enabled one to achieve the detection limit of 0.23 ppqv** for SF5 CF, in air samples of the initial volume of 200 cm 3. The system was adopted for regular measurements of SF5CF3 in air.
PL
Przedstawiono zastosowanie dwóch detektorów ECD pracujących w systemie modulacyjnym do analizy SF5CF3. Zestaw modulator-detektor wyposażony w źródła promieniotwórcze 63Ni został wykonany we własnym zakresie. Granica wykrywalności SF5CF3 w próbce powietrza o początkowej objętości 200 cm3 wynosi 0,23 ppqv** . Opracowany układ został zastosowany do pomiaru stężenia SSF5CF3, w powietrzu.
EN
This paper presents the new robust algorithm for heart rate (HR) estimation used in the electrocardiograrn monitoring system. During the training dedicated flights, military pilots are monitored for checking their susceptibility to stress and self-control. ECG data-logger as a personal portable device is collecting biological signal during the testing flight. Computed HR values together with Accurnulated Reference Pattern PQRST complex (ARP) are estimates of pilot's health. In this paper we describe robust algorithrn for HR and ARP estimation. ECG analysis is performed using Short-term Autocorrelation Center Clipping, SACC algorithm. SACC method dedicated for HR detection and ECG R-pointers analysis is very robust for the noisy environment.
15
Content available remote Fizyka środowiska [rec.]
DE
Recenzja książki: Egbert Boeker, Rienk van Grondelle - Fizyka środowiska, tłum. Konrad Bajer, Aleksandra Kopystyńska, Tomasz Szoplik, Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN, Warszawa 2002, s. 518.
17
Content available remote 25 lat systematycznych pomiarów składu izotopowego opadów na terenie Polski
PL
W niniejszej pracy dokonano szczegółowej analizy 25-letniej serii pomiarowej stężenia trytu oraz składu izotopów trwałych tlenu i wodoru (*18O, *2H) w opadach miesięcznych zbieranych w Krakowie w okresie: styczeń 1975-grudzień 1999. Przedstawiono również serie pomiarowe dla wybranych parametrów meteorologicznych. Dane izotopowe są dyskutowane w kontekście dostępnych danych literaturowych dla innych stacji kontynentu europejskiego oraz aktualnego stanu wiedzy na temat procesów kontrolujących skład izotopowy opadów w skali regionalnej i globalnej.
PL
Prezentowany nowy standard zarządzania polskimi zasobami wód podziemnych jest ściśle powiązany ze standardami, które wkrótce zaczną obowiązywać w Unii Europejskiej. Standard opiera się na naturalnej jakości wód podziemnych, czyli naturalnym, nie zmienionym współczesną antropopresją tle hydrogeochemicznym oraz czasie przebywania wody w systemie hydrogeologicznym. W pracy przedstawiono cele i założenia nowej koncepcji oraz charakterystykę zadań stawianych międzynarodowemu konsorcjum badawczemu realizującemu projekt BASELINE w V Programie Ramowym UE. Obiektami badań są wybrane reprezentatywne porowe zbiorniki wód podziemnych o dobrze rozpoznanych warunkach hydrogeologicznych. W Polsce wytypowano 2 zbiorniki w utworach trzeciorzędu: GZWP 332 Subniecka Kędzierzyńsko-Głubczycka oraz GZWP 451 Subzbiornik Bogucice. W obu zbiornikach wyróżnić można trzy strefy kształtujące warunki hydrogeochemiczne: zasilania, z możliwością oddziaływania czynników antropogenicznych, strefę przepływu o charakterze naturalnym i strefę możliwych wpływów geogenicznych
EN
There is currently no standard to assess the natural baseline quality of groundwater. This is required as a basis for defining pollution, especially as natural processes lead to concentrations overlapping the established limits. The present-day baseline inorganic and organic geochemistry will be investigated using selected reference aquifers as well as historical water quality trends in these aquifers. The results will be used as a scientific basis for underpinning the emerging EU Water Framework Directive and for making recommendations for monitoring natural aquifer systems. Researching areas will select reference porous aquifers which will be used as the main project database and results will be applicable to other porous groundwater systems. Two tertiary aquifers in Poland were selected: MGWB 332 Kędzierzyn-Głubczyce Subthrough and MGWB 451 Bogucice Subbasin. In both aquifers three zones can be distinguished in which hydrogeochemical conditions differ: recharge zone, with influence of antropogenical factors; natural flow zone of active flow, and stagnant, or quasi stagnant, zone of possible geogenical influences
20
Content available remote Wody infiltracji glacjalnej w Europie - mit czy rzeczywistość
PL
Pomimo bogatego materiału doświadczalnego uzyskanego w wielu krajach europejskich, niektórzy autorzy kwestionują możliwość istnienia wód glacjalnych w środkowej Polsce. Dlatego przedyskutowano warunki formowania się składu izotopowego wód podziemnych w Europie, a w szczególności w Polsce w czasie późnego glacjalu. Podano składy izotopowe wód glacjalnych na tle wód holoceńskich dla kilku regionów Polski.
EN
In spite of abundant evidence gathered in number of European countries, some authors question the occurrence of glacial waters in central Poland. Formation of the isotope composition of groundwaters in Europe, and particularly in Poland during the Holocene and Late Glacial, is discussed. Examples of isotope composition of glacial and Holocene waters from several regions of Poland are presented.
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