Wyniki wyszukiwania - BazTech

1

Computational investigation of compression ratio and bore diameter influence on engine performance and knock intensity

Gandyk M., Haller P., Jankowski A.

Journal of KONES

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2018

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Vol. 25, No. 2

129--134

EN

Processes of the combustion in combustion engines depend on cylinder bore and compression ratio. Compression ratio is a ratio of in-cylinder volume when piston is in bottom dead centre to volume when piston is in top dead centre. Theoretical engine efficiency is increasing together with compression ratio. However, in the real engine there are also other phenomena affecting the efficiency of the engine, which could results in lower performance of engine with higher compression ratio. This study presents knock intensity and performance gain in engine speed function of the 0D-1D engine model with different pistons set. Knock intensity is founded by implementing in combustion process knock sub-model based on Douaud and Eyzat induction time correlation using different pistons geometry. Examined engine model is air restricted Formula Student motorcycle engine. Mounted in intake system, air restrictor decreases knock intensity. Therefore, compression ratio could be increased. It was noticed that bigger bore diameter could reduce knock intensity. Researches realized that bigger bore size could cause performance drop at high rpm when flow is chocked. With changing of compression ratio, performance characteristic changes. Growing compression ratio decrease torque on low engine speed and increase on high engine speed. Further characteristic of the engine could be tuned by matching pistons with modified bore size and compression ratio.

2

Risk evaluation of driver exposure to exhaust fumes inside the passenger car cabin in urban traffic conditions

Skrętowicz M., Jankowski A., Haller P., Woźniak J., Janas M.

Journal of KONES

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2016

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Vol. 23, No. 3

457--464

EN

Nowadays, with the current dynamic development of the automotive industry, we spend more and more time indoors, including in vehicles. The air used for ventilation of the vehicle's cabin comes from the outside. Pollution enters into the vehicle. This research presents the results of tests conducted to assess the exposure of the driver and passengers to volatile organic compounds entering the vehicle with atmospheric air. The simulation researches were conducted on a chassis dynamometer at the Department of Vehicle Engineering at the Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Technical University of Wroclaw and the tests under real conditions, i.e. traffic urban conditions, were taken as well. The measurements were conducted in the centre of Wroclaw during peak hours, when the traffic jam is the most frequent. The measurements were taken in order to organic compounds analysis, which includes gas chromatography. The analysis results were averaged from three measurements to get these studies more reliable. Results show that during mobile tests the vehicle was exposed to much more pollution than in the stationary tests in the simulated conditions of traffic congestion. Therefore, the studies present that the pollution in the traffic congestion is the real danger to drivers.

3

Using LCA method to describe logistic system of fuel

Haller P., Jankowski A., Jaworska E., Kardasz P., Markowska K., Wróbel R.

Journal of KONES

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2015

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Vol. 22, No. 3

293--299

EN

This paper presents the life cycle of the fuel with the use of LCA. This method is taken from the management theory allows to describe and predict the impact of production processes, transport and use of fuels on the environment. The aim of the study is to compare the energy consumption of the test fuels (diesel, a blend of rapeseed oil and butyl alcohol) in the process of their production. The results indicate that most energy is consumed during the processing of crude oil. This process produced a large quantity of sulphur oxides. Very energy intensive (53,859 GJ per 10 k litres of fuel produced) part of the production is rape culture. This is due to the long working hours of agricultural tractors and combines. In this process, are secreted large amounts of exhaust gas: CO (2.664 kg), NOx (23.31 kg). Inter alia, environmental life cycle assessment, schematic structure of the LCA, the energy balance of the life cycle of diesel oil, the energy balance of the life cycle of rape oil mixed with butyl alcohol, the balance of raw material sourcing, the balance of the materials necessary to production of a mixture of rape oil and butanol alcohol are presented in the paper.

4

Potential non-toxic aqueous emulsion as a diesel fuel

Haller P., Jankowski A., Kolanek C., Walkowiak W.

Journal of KONES

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2015

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Vol. 22, No. 3

43--48

EN

Natural processes occurring on Earth (fires, volcanic eruptions) and human activity in the area of acquisition and processing of energy, is the cause of the continuous contaminating the atmosphere of combustion products. The combustion of fuels is and will be in the near future primary means of generating energy, including for transportation purposes. Transport is the cause of many environmental threats - emits dust and particles along with many of gaseous harmful substances and also noise and vibration. Power sources used for transport are almost exclusively equipped with internal combustion engines, among which is dominated by a diesel engines. In view of the known advantages of these motors such as high efficiency and relatively low emissions of toxic compounds in the exhaust gas, they have been accepted as the most preferred source of power motor vehicles in the coming decades, assuming that meet the requirements of future regulations regarding environmental protection. The problem to be solved in internal combustion engines is the emission of nitrogen oxides. In this paper are contained an overview of proven methods and results in the reduction of nitrogen oxides in exhaust gases by means of emulsion fuels, and forming an opinion concerning of the usefulness of such solutions in the future.

5

Impact analysis of air humidity on operating parameters of diesel engine

Haller P., Jankowski A., Kolanek C., Magdziak-Tokłowicz M., Wróbel R.

Journal of KONES

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2015

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Vol. 22, No. 3

37--42

EN

A major problem in the combustion diesel engines is the different distribution of the mixture of air and fuel and also temperatures inside the combustion chamber. It helps the formation of points of the high and low oxygen concentration in the combustion chamber of the engine. In areas with a high concentration of oxygen, the combustion process produces very harmful NOx, and in places with low oxygen concentration, as a result of incomplete fuel combustion particles are created in the form of soot. This not regular distribution of the mixture of air and fuel and temperatures in the combustion chamber affect the limited maximum engine power and efficiency at his every operating cycle. One method for improving the combustion process is feeding into the engine air with high relative humidity. The study was conducted on a chassis dynamometer at the Department of Vehicles Engineering Wroclaw University of Technology. For the purposes of the study determined the external characteristics, including maximum engine power and maximum engine torque at different air relative humidity and quite similar air temperature. Analysis of the results of research shows that high air relative humidity has a positive effect on the work parameters of the diesel engine.

6

Direct and indirect heat energy conversion into electricity

Cienciała M., Kaźmierczak A., Haller P., Krakowian K., Błasiński T., Borkowska J., Skorupa P.

Journal of KONES

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2015

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Vol. 22, No. 4

67--72

EN

Conversion of heat energy into electricity is described. Energy conversion is the process of changing one form of energy to another. There are two methods of conversion: direct, when heat energy is converted directly into electricity and indirect, when heat energy is converted into mechanical energy first and afterwards into electricity. A principle of direct method is thermoelectric effect that includes three separately identified effects: the Seebeck effect, the Peltier effect and the Thomson effect. In case of heat energy conversion into electricity, we are talking about Seebeck effect. For indirect method, first heat energy is converted to mechanical energy. The principle is gas compression and expansion due to temperature change that is used i.e.: steam engine, Stirling heat engine or polish engine WASE2. The engine is based on the fundamental physical phenomena. The next step is to convert mechanical energy into electricity. The principle is electromagnetic induction that produces an electromotive force across a conductor when it is exposed to a time varying magnetic field. Electromagnetic induction is used in i.e.: generators, alternators or American type generators.

7

Impact analysis of internal catalyst converter on operating parameters of VW 1.9 TDI engine

Haller P., Jankowski A.

Journal of KONES

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2014

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Vol. 21, No. 1

99--106

EN

The largest amount of air pollutants is produced by the combustion of fossil fuels (coal, lignite, petroleum, natural gas, etc.). Such combustion releases huge amounts of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere (including carbon oxides (CO, CO2), sulphur oxides (SO2, SO3), nitrogen oxides (NO, NOx)) and dust, ashes and soot. Transportation is a significant share of the air pollution, mainly wheel-based transportation. The combustion process in diesel engine is very complex physico-chemically and varies in time. The process is accompanied by simultaneous exchange of heat and mass and chemical reactions. The development of internal combustion engines is made towards meeting of the increasingly stringent requirements for toxic exhaust emissions, reduction of fuel consumption, and preservation of Earth's natural resources. The problem to solve in modern diesel engines is the emission of toxic compounds. One way to reduce emissions is to use a catalytic converter positioned directly in the combustion chamber of an internal combustion engine. The aim of this analysis is assessment of toxic emissions of a diesel engine with an internal catalyst. Qualitative assessment of engine emissions was determined by comparing test results of an engine with ceramic-ally coated valves against one with just conventional valves (commercial valves - without a ceramic coating). The study utilized a fourcylinder 1.9 TDI VW engine. It was expected that the use of glow plugs with an active coating would reduce the release of toxic compounds.

8

Water - fuel microemulsions influence on fuel consumption and exhaust gas emissions

Cienciała M., Haller P., Jankowski A., Kardasz P.

Journal of KONES

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2013

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Vol. 20, No. 3

111--116

EN

Combustion in a diesel engine is a complex physicochemical process, changing the time at which the events take place simultaneously heat and mass transfer and chemical reactions. The development of internal combustion engines goes towards meeting the increasingly stringent requirements for toxic exhaust emissions, reducing fuel consumption and therefore reduce carbon emissions and protect the Earth's natural resources. The problem to solve in modern combustion engines is the emission of NOx. One way to reduce the emission of toxic NOx combustion engine power is water-hydrocarbon emulsions [1]. Research combustion engines water-hydrocarbon emulsions has been its tradition. So far, attempts were carried out using an emulsion obtained by a chemical. Emulsions of oil and water can be obtained by adding various detergents to prevent delamination of the oil and water. In this article, we consider the possibility of applying a mixture of water and oil as an alternative fuel used to power internal combustion engines used in heavy road transport. This work is preliminary work, also having to check whether this is the future direction of the work. The measurements of emissions of exhaust gases and fuel consumption. After analysing the test results confirmed that the improvement of the economic and environmental performance of modern diesel engines, it can be achieved by supplying synthetic diesel or gas oil water emulsions. It was found that the use of emulsion leads to a reduction of fuel consumption and NOx emissions.

9

Emission of pollutants and energy consumption in life cycle of diesel oil

Haller P., Kardasz P., Sitnik L., Trzmiel K.

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2013

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Vol. 14, nr 4

50--53

EN

The following article is an analysis of designed processes of the life cycle of the most popular fuel for Diesel engines: diesel oil. This fuel is produced from petroleum, which is a non-renewable source of energy. Analysis was carried out with the assumptions of Life Cycle Assessment, which is a tool to test the environmental impact of the product. The life cycle of diesel was divided into five unit processes: petroleum extraction, transport of petroleum to the refinery, refining petroleum to diesel, transport of diesel to the recipient and utilization of delivered fuel by transport company. For every process the energy consumption and emission of carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides and sulphursulphur oxides was calculated, with assumption of probable data, that could occur in real processes. The analysis has shown, that the process of refining petroleum is highly pollution-intensive. Also the combustion of diesel generates a significant amount of pollutants’ emission, which is why it is necessary to develop technologies that could contribute to the reduction of emission.

10

Introducing new engine performance lab at the Department of Motor Vehicles and Combustion Engines of Wroclaw University of Technology

Haller P., Wróbel R., Dimitrov R., Mihaylov V.

Combustion Engines

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2013

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R. 52, nr 3

549--555

EN

The Engine Test Stand is a measuring position providing wide range of features, enabling data acquisition, used to determine specific engine performance characteristics. Chassis dynamometers are more convenient and easier to operate (engine removal from a car is not required). At the same time, precision and accuracy as well as reproducibility of measurements remain high. Measurement lab at The Motor Vehicles and Combustion Engines Institute at Wroclaw University of Technology enables sophisticated diagnosis of all types of passenger cars and motorcycles. The station in our lab is capable of conducting the exhaust gas emission analysis of leaded petrol engines under specific load or with no load at all. In case of passenger cars equipped with a catalytic converter and lambda sensor, it is not only crucial to adjust the emission levels but also determine the lambda sensor values and oxygen content in the exhaust stream. What’s more important, the measurement process can be followed online which facilitates team work and delivers substantial speed ups.

PL

Hamownia jest stacjonarnym stanowiskiem pomiarowym umożliwiającym pozyskanie niezbędnych danych do wyznaczenia charakterystyki silnika. W przeciwieństwie do hamowni silnikowych, hamownie podwoziowe są proste i szybkie w obsłudze (nie trzeba wyjmować silnika), a jednocześnie ich precyzja pomiaru parametrów pojazdu jest wysoka, podobnie jak powtarzalność przeprowadzanych testów. Stanowisko badawcze w Zakładzie Pojazdów Samochodowych i Silników Spalinowych Politechniki Wrocławskiej oferuje za pośrednictwem swego programu do symulacji obciążeń idealną bazę do diagnostyki wszystkich typów samochodów osobowych oraz motocykli pod obciążeniem. Możliwe jest również dokonania analizy spalin pojazdów zasilanych etyliną bez obciążenia lub pod obciążeniem. W samochodach osobowych z katalizatorem i sonda lambdą ważne jest nie tylko ustawienie wartości emisyjnych, ale też określenie wartości lambda i zawartości tlenu. A co najważniejsze pomiary mogą być podglądane w trybie online, co ułatwia i przyspiesza pracę zespołową zakładu.

11

Water-carbohydron emulsions obtained by cavitation used for the fuelling of diesel engines

Sitnik L. J., Haller P., Dworaczyński M. K.

Archiwum Motoryzacji

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2013

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Nr 2

53--64, 169--180

EN

The recent development of internal combustion engines goes towards the meeting of increasingly stringent requirements imposed to reduce toxic exhaust emissions and fuel consumption and thus to strive for carbon dioxide abatement and against depletion of global natural resources. The research on engines fuelled by water-carbohydron emulsions has already a long tradition. So far, tests were based on emulsions obtained in chemical reactions. In this paper, similar analysis results have been presented, but the water-fuel emulsions used for the tests were obtained with making use of the cavitation effect. At the Wrocław University of technology, Department of Motor Vehicles and Internal Combustion Engines, a unique cavitator was developed, which was then used to produce water-carbohydron emulsions of mineral and synthetic diesel fuel. Both of these fuels as well as their water emulsions with 20% water content by volume were used for tests. Maximum engine power and torque vs. crankshaft speed curves were determined for a selected engine. Based on them, the ESC (European Stationary Cycle) test conditions were determined and the engine was tested on an engine dynamometer in accordance with the predetermined ESC test conditions. During the tests, engine emission and fuel consumption levels were measured under close scrutiny. The use of emulsions was found to result in a reduction in the consumption of diesel fuel.

PL

Rozwój silników spalinowych idzie w kierunku spełnienia coraz ostrzejszych wymagań dotyczących emisji toksycznych składników spalin, zmniejszenie zużycia paliwa a więc zmniejszenia emisji dwutlenku węgla i ochrony zasobów naturalnych Ziemi. Badania zasilania silników spalinowych emulsjami węglowodorowo wodnymi ma już swoja tradycję. Dotychczasowe próby prowadzone były z zastosowaniem emulsji uzyskiwanych w drodze chemicznej. W niniejszej pracy przedstawiono podobne wyniki z tym, że emulsje paliwowo – wodne uzyskiwano z wykorzystaniem zjawiska kawitacji. W Politechnice Wrocławskiej (Zakład Pojazdów Samochodowych i Silników Spalinowych) opracowano specyficzny kawitator, który posłużył do wytworzenia emulsji weglowodorowowodnych mineralnego oraz syntetycznego oleju napędowego. Oba paliwa oraz ich emulsje, o zawartości wody równej dwadzieścia procent (objętościowo), posłużyły do testów. Wykonano charakterystyki zewnętrzne wybranego silnika, na ich podstawie opracowano warunki testu ESC (European Stationary Cycle) oraz przeprowadzono badania silnika na hamowni silnikowej w warunkach tego testu. Przeprowadzono pomiary emisji składników spalin i zużycia paliwa. Stwierdzono, że stosowanie emulsji prowadzi do obniżenia zużycia oleju napędowego.

12

Research of water - fuel microemulsions as fuel for diesel engine

Haller P., Jankowski A., Kolanek Cz., Walkowiak W. W.

Journal of KONES

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2012

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Vol. 19, No. 3

165-170

EN

The combustion of fuels is and will be in the nearest future a basic way of acquiring the energy, among others, for transport purposes. Transport causes many threats for natural environment. It produces powders and particulates, together with many gaseous noxious substances and is also the source of noise and vibrations. Sources of propulsion, applied in transport, are almost exclusively piston-combustion engines, among which the dominant role play self-ignition engines. In the light of well-known advantages of these engines, they were accepted as most beneficial sources of car vehicles' propulsion in nearest decades, provided they meet the requirements of the future legal regulations regarding the environmental protection. The emission of nitrogen oxides (NOx) and particulate matters (PM) is a problem to be solved in modern engines. This constitutes so called targets conflict, consisting in excluding the alternative of both coefficients’ decrease, in the way of regulation the set of an engine and the limiting emissions, permitted by the EURO regulations. From among many different methods of limiting both the formation and emission of NOx, the method of the selective catalytic reduction (SCR) is universally applied. This method requires special installation with the catalyst and the reservoir intended for the "clinically" clean reductive measure. In the aspect of constituting opinions regarding the need of reducing additional installations and media on board the vehicle, it seems that to supply the engine with fuel-water emulsion and especially fuel-water microemulsion becomes an interesting solution.