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The Needles of Aleppo Pine From the Province of Taza-Morocco – A Biomaterial of Great Potential

Mahmoud Rachid, Hjouji Kaoutar, Mehdaoui Imane, Saoudi Hassani El Mokhtar, Ben Abbou Mohamed, Majbar Zineb, Taleb Mustapha, Rais Zakia

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 24, nr 1

41--50

EN

The needles of the Aleppo pine (Pinus halepensis) (PA) are very abundant in the forest of the National Park of Tazekka (Ta-za-Morocco) and are unexploitable. Moreover, they constitute a potential danger because they facilitate the outbreak of wildfires. To solve this problem, we have considered turning these needles into a biomaterial that could be used as raw material for different uses, such as wastewater treatment. The biomaterial of the Aleppo pine is obtained from its needles which are harvested in spring, dried, cut, crushed, and sieved. The powder obtained is analyzed before and after the extraction of essential oil. The physicochemical and spectroscopic analyses show that this biomaterial is porous, hygroscopic, slightly acidic, moderately moist, and not very conducive. Its average density in the anhydrous state is 0.6. It is rich in carbon (79.91%) and oxygen (18.91%) in the form of aromatic compounds and ketone imprints; thus, relating the presence of cellulose, pectin, lignin, and hemicellulose. Its composition in mineral elements (Na, Mg, Ca, K, Cl, S) is deficient. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of the oils extracted from the needle powder relates that it is a complex mixture of bioactive compounds such as mono-terpenoid α and β-pinene hydrocarbons. These results show that our biomaterial can be used as an adsorbent in wastewater treatment and the extracted essential oils can be used in the pharmacological, agro-food field.

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Energy Valorization of Olive Mill Waste Cake – Extraction of Vegetable Oil and Transesterification

Mehdaoui Imane, Majbar Zineb, Hassani El Mokhtar Saoudi, Mahmoud Rachid, Atemni Ibrahim, Ben Abbou Mohamed, Taleb Mustapha, Rais Zakia

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 24, nr 5

306--315

EN

The olive mill wastewater, effluents from the trituration of olives, are treated in most Mediterranean countries by natural evaporation. However, this method of treatment is a source of air and soil pollution by the generation of solid waste, called olive mill waste cake. This work focused on extracting of vegetable oil from this by-product for biodiesel production by transesterification. The extraction took place with a Soxhlet extractor, using hexane as solvent. The vegetable oil and biodiesel were characterized by measuring the physicochemical parameters that identify them according to AFNOR standards. The extraction results show that the oil yield is 21.28%. The oil obtained is characterized by density, water and ash content, acidity, saponification, peroxide and ester. The yield of the oil esterification reaction is 86.41% or about 185 Kg of biodiesel/ton of olive mill waste cake, and in terms of energy 2783.7 MJ or 2 GW.t-1. The biodiesel produced is comparable to petroleum diesel according to EN 14214, 2013.

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Surface Water Quality – A Physicochemical and Bacteriological Assessment with the SEQ-Water System

Mahmoud Rachid, Mehdaoui Imane, El Madani Fatima-Zahra, Ben Abbou Mohamed, Zineb Majbar, El Mokhtar Saoudi-Hassani, Taleb Mustapha, Rais Zakia

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2023

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Vol. 24, iss. 8

22--35

EN

The city of Taza, situated in Morocco, boasts a significant ecological heritage. However, a concerning practice of discharging untreated wastewater into the nearby Oueds has raised apprehensions about potential threats to public well-being. This research endeavors to discern the locations most adversely affected by pollution and subsequently assess their environmental condition. By conducting an extensive year-long analysis encompassing physicochemical and bacteriological aspects, we gathered a comprehensive dataset for appraising the surface water quality, utilizing the SEQ-WATER system as the evaluation framework. Four distinct sites emerged as particularly impacted: upstream of Oueds Jaouna and Taza, downstream of Oued Larbâa and adjacent to the “Julien” public dump, and at the confluence of Oueds Rhouireg and Dfali. Employing the GIS-SEQ integration, we meticulously gauged the physicochemical and bacteriological attributes of these sites. Our assessment unveiled readings that surpassed the established Moroccan benchmarks for surface water quality. Notably, the water exhibited pronounced turbidity and elevated levels of suspended particles, including nitrites and sulfates. Additionally, a notable organic load and microbial contamination involving fecal coliforms (E. coli) and intestinal enterococci were observed. These findings underscore the critical necessity for the implementation of efficient wastewater treatment measures within Taza, which would substantially safeguard both the populace and the surrounding ecosystem. It is imperative to conduct further in-depth investigations to validate these outcomes and devise comprehensive strategies aimed at mitigating the potential hazards linked with the compromised state of surface water.