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computations of three different variants of bedding and backfill soil surrounding the pipe were carried out. Displacements and deformation of the pipe were calculated using the finite element method with adoption of elastic-perfectly plastic constitutive model of soil. Subsequent stages of the construction were taken into account. Shear strength reduction method was applied to evaluate the factor of safety of the entire system. Finally, the results and conclusions were depicted.
zbiorniku. Analizowano zmiany sił wewnętrznych i naprężenia w powłoce wywołane wskutek kilku cykli ruchomego, quasi-statycznego obciążenia taborem samochodowym.
be filled with water during flood. The aim of the numerical analysis presented in the paper is the assessment of the possibility of using the structure under varying water conditions. The structure under consideration is a three-span soil-steel bridge made of corrugated steel sheets. 2D calculations are carried out assuming elastic-plastic behavior of soil and varying pore pressure distributions. First, the construction stage is modelled. This includes laying and compaction of the backfill. Then, the bridge in operation is investigated under three different water conditions: normal use (dry reservoir), maximum water level (flood) and lowering of the water level in the reservoir. The main part of the analysis concerns mainly the variation of both internal forces and stress in the shell due to quasi-static live load.
także po osiągnięciu granicy makrodylatancji (lub granicy wytrzymałości). Analiza uzyskanych trójwymiarowych obrazów skanowania pozwoliła opisać w sposób ilościowy morfologię sieci spękań: porowatość, rozkłady przestrzenne szerokości spękań i krętości, a także wskaźnik SMI (ang. structure model index). Znajomość wymienionych wielkości jest przydatna przy określaniu parametrów przepuszczalności badanego materiału.
finally, after reaching microdilatancy threshold (or ultimate limit force). The analysis of acquired 3D images at every loading stage included fracture network segmentation and determination of chosen quantities describing its morphology: porosity (fraction of void space), spatial distribution of fracture aperture, tortuosity as well as structure model index (SMI). The parameters can be used to determine permeability parameters of cracked material.
mikro i mezo. Najmniejsza stosowana siła indentacji 0,5 mN prowadzi do odpowiedzi mechanicznej składników tworzących szkielet. Wyniki uzyskane w przypadku najwyższej siły – 500 mN, reprezentują parametr efektywny dla tzw. zastępczej mikrostruktury jednorodnej.
scales were identified, i.e., micro- and meso-scale. The lowest value of indentation force, 0.5 mN, provides the mechanical response of the constituents forming the skeleton. The results obtained for the highest value of indentation force, 500 mN, represent the effective property for the so-called „equivalent” homogeneous microstructure.
technicznych, jakim powinny odpowiadać budowle hydrotechniczne i ich usytuowanie. W artykule podjęto próbę udzielenia odpowiedzi na pytanie, w jakim stopniu wybór pomiędzy wymienionymi podejściami wpływa na uzyskiwane wyniki analizy stateczności zapory suchego zbiornika przeciwpowodziowego Roztoki Bystrzyckie.
concerning the hydrotechnical structures and their localizations. In the article there is presented an answer to the question: how the choice of the regulations affects the stability assessment of the earth fill dam of the storage reservoir Roztoki Bystrzyckie.
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conditions. Finite element simulations are carried out assuming elastic-plastic behavior of soil, elastic shell and nonlinear (frictional) contact zone. The analysis takes into account soil load history. In particular, the construction and operation of the bridge under quasi-static live loads is considered. The construction stage includes laying and compaction of the backfill. Then, the bridge in operation is investigated at three different water conditions: normal use (dry reservoir), maximum water level (flood) and lowering of the water level in the reservoir. The results show that during the flood the maximum stress in the shell significantly increases. Moreover, some of non-linear effects, typical in such structures, e.g. hysteretic effect, become more evident in comparison to normal use of the bridge.
algorithm takes advantage of the optimization procedure already published by the authors. Unlike other approaches presented in literature, the one introduced in this paper takes into consideration a practical requirement of preserving fixed clearance gauge. Itasca Flac software is utilized in numerical examples. The optimal excavation shapes are determined for five different in situ stress ratios. This factor significantly affects the optimal topology of excavation. The resulting shapes are elongated in the direction of a principal stress greater value. Moreover, the obtained optimal shapes have smooth contours circumscribing the gauge.
first part of the work reports the study of a railway viaduct located in Świdnica, Poland. In this study, the ST43-type locomotive is crossing the bridge one way and then back again. During such a loading cycle the deformation of the shell is registered. The graph of displacement in function of load position forms explicit hysteresis loop. Taking the advantage of the observation made in this experiment, a suitable 2D model of the structure is formulated and the test is simulated numerically. It is demonstrated that even quite a simple numerical model can give reliable results. Finally, it is proved that the hysteretic live load effect is associated with non-linear behaviour of the soil backfill as well as the shell-backfill contact zone.
was performed. After determining the temperature distributions within the domain, the Duhamel–Neumann set of constitutive equations was employed to evaluate fields of mechanical quantities: displacement, strain and stress. The failure criterion proposed by Pietruszczak was adopted in assessing whether the load induces exceeding of strength of concrete within the structure volume. The primary finding is that the temperature effect can lead to damage of concrete in draft tubes and spirals, especially in winter months.
and stress in the shell were measured. The major conclusion from the research was that the measured quantities formed hysteretic loops. A numerical simulation of that effect is addressed in the present work. The analysis was performed using Flac finite difference code. The methodology of solving the mechanical problems implemented in Flac enables us to solve the problem concerning a sequence of load and non-linear mechanical behaviour of the structure. The numerical model incorporates linear elastic constitutive relations for the soil backfill, for the steel shell and the sheet piles, being a flexible substructure for the shell. Contact zone between the shell and the soil backfill is assumed to reflect elastic-plastic constitutive model. Maximum shear stress in contact zone is limited by the Coulomb condition. The plastic flow rule is described by dilation angle ψ = 0. The obtained results of numerical analysis are in fair agreement with the experimental evidence. The primary finding from the performed simulation is that the slip in the interface can be considered an explanation of the hysteresis occurrence in the charts of displacement and stress in the shell.
there: self-supporting excavation and excavation with the structural support. An evolutionary structural optimization (ESO) procedure, employed in 2005 to optimize shape of underground excavation, confirms the assumptions concerning the case of self-supporting excavations. The case of supported excavation is considered in the present work. Optimization procedure of the simulated annealing (SA) is incorporated in the study. An energetic optimality condition, formulated in the authors’ previous papers is also adopted. Itasca FLAC software is utilized in numerical examples. Four different in situ stress ratios are investigated. The numerical results obtained confirm that the optimal shape tends to be an ellipse. The semi-axes ratio demonstrates compliance with the assumptions already existing in literature.
two different interpretation methods of the needle probe test were used for determination of thermal conductivity of selected soils. The first method (ASTM D5334-05 Standard approach) takes into account only the data which are recorded during heating while the second approach is based on fitting the known analytical solution to the data obtained within both heating and cooling phases. The soil samples used were classified as clayey ones. Laboratory tests were performed using the KD2Pro thermal conductivity meter (Decagon Devices) with a TR-1 sensor. The main goal of the paper is to show that the selection of interpretation method is very important and may lead to significant differences in resulting thermal conductivities.
anvil with a sledgehammer. Then, vibrations induced at different depths are measured. Based on recorded measurements wave velocity (Vs) and thus also small strain shear modulus Gmax may be calculated. An interpretation of exemplary seismic test results is presented. Crossover and cross-correlation methods are discussed and another, more adequate one is featured and then applied in the interpretation example. Conditions for correct test performance and interpretation are discussed.
pojedynczego pala i odniesiono do metody uniwersalnej proponowanej w Eurokodzie 7 oraz metody normowej zgodnej z normą PN-83/B-02482. Otrzymane wyniki poddano weryfikacji poprzez porównanie z wartością graniczną nośności pala wciskanego uzyskaną z próbnego obciążenia statycznego. W pracy przedstawiono propozycję doboru lokalnych współczynników nośności podstawy ψ1 oraz pobocznicy ψ2. Wartości współczynników ustalono na bazie wyniku próbnego obciążenia statycznego pala oraz szacunkowej nośności pobocznicy i podstawy pala z globalnej charakterystycznej wartości nośności pala w warunkach rzeczywistych.
single pile and referred to the method being in accordance with Eurocode 7 and standardized methods compatible with the PN-83/B-02482. The results were verified by comparing the value of the pile limit load achieved with the pile static load test. The paper presents a proposal for a selection of the ψ1 and ψ2 factors. The values of these factors were determined on the basis of a trial pile static load test as well as the estimated capacity of the shaft and the base of the pile in the global characteristic values of pile capacity under real conditions.
temperature. The conclusion of these considerations is that the temperature distribution in the concrete element, due to slow annual changes in temperature of flowing water, is almost uniform in space. The advantage of this fact is taken into consideration in another part in which the results of a numerical analysis concerning a HPP on the Vistula river is presented. Final conclusion is that water temperature changes can easily cause cracking in concrete hydraulic structures.
wody. Wniosek z tych rozważań, tj. że rozkład temperatury wewnątrz elementu betonowego jest prawie jednorodny jest wykorzystany jako założenie w drugiej części pracy. Analizie numerycznej poddana jest jedna z elektrowni wodnych na Wiśle. Z przeprowadzonych obliczeń wynika, że zmiany temperatury wody, występujące w klimacie charakterystycznym dla Polski, mogą prowadzić do powstawania pęknięć w betonowych elementach budowli hydrotechnicznych.
jakim jest estetyka krajobrazu.
reprezentacyjne funkcje.
półosi minimalizujących zaciskanie się tunelu, energię odkształcenia objętościowego rdzenia oraz maksymalne naprężenie normalne w obudowie. Dla wybranej wartości stosunku naprężeń sprawdzany jest także wpływ sztywności obudowy. Podstawą do formułowania wniosków jest porównanie optymalnych stosunków półosi ze względu na maksymalne naprężenia, zaciskanie i energię odkształcenia objętościowego w rdzeniu z wynikami uzyskanymi z wykorzystaniem energetycznego warunku optymalności, sformułowanym w poprzedniej pracy.
ellipse is quested. Three different quantities are considered to determine optimum shape: a convergence, an energy of volumetric strain in a core and maximum normal stress within the support. For chosen value of initial stresses ratio also an influence of support stiffness is examined. Conclusions are formulated on the basis of comparison of obtained results with the results from shape optimization procedure presented in previous paper.
z obszaru obrazu cyfrowego. Formułuje się warunek określający minimalny wymiar próbki, bazujący na pojęciu wariancji lokalnego udziału frakcyjnego. Wykazano, iż wariancja ta może być określana na podstawie znajomości funkcji prawdopodobieństwa dwupunktowego. Weryfikację warunku reprezentatywności przeprowadzono dla dwóch obrazów cyfrowych mikrostruktur losowych.
The sample is assumed to be a finite-sized region which is a part of digital image. The condition regarding sample size, based on the variance of local volume fraction, is proposed. The variance is shown to be calculated on the basis of two-point probability function. Sample size criterion is verified for two different digital images of random microstructures.
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