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1

Fault diagnosis and identification in the distribution network using the fuzzy expert system

Kaluđer S., Fekete K., Jozsa L., Klaić Z.

Eksploatacja i Niezawodność

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2018

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Vol. 20, no. 4

621--629

EN

In this paper, a fuzzy expert off-line system has been developed for fault diagnosis in the distribution network based on the structural and functional operation of the relay and circuit breakers. Functional operations (correct operation, false operation and failure to operate) of the relays and circuit breakers are described by fuzzy logic. Input data for the proposed fuzzy expert fault diagnosis system (FDS) are status and time stamps of the alarms, associated with relays and circuit breakers. The diagnostic system from a huge number of alarms sets, logically organizes and quantifies the diagnosis. FDS can diagnose correct operation, false operation and failure to operate of the relays and circuit breakers. Also, it can identify and quantify fault location based on the Hamacher’s operator of a fuzzy union. The additional contribution of this paper is in modeling unknown information using linear fuzzy membership function. Statuses of certain components may be unknown due to telemetry failures or are simply unavailable to the operator and proposed FDS can make diagnosis in such a situation. Developed fuzzy expert FDS is tested on the two examples of faults in real life distribution network.

PL

W prezentowanym artykule opracowano rozmyty system ekspercki typu off-line do diagnozowania błędów w elektroenergetycznej sieci rozdzielczej. System bazuje na strukturze i działaniu przekaźnika i wyłączników automatycznych. Działanie (prawidłowe działanie, błędne działanie i brak działania) przekaźników i wyłączników opisano za pomocą logiki rozmytej. Dane wejściowe do proponowanego rozmytego eksperckiego systemu diagnostyki błędów (FDS) stanowią stany i sygnatury czasowe alarmów, związane z przekaźnikami i wyłącznikami. System diagnostyczny logicznie porządkuje i określa ilościowo diagnozę na podstawie ogromnej liczby zestawów alarmów. FDS pozwala zdiagnozować prawidłowe działanie, błędne działanie oraz awarię (brak działania) przekaźników i wyłączników. Ponadto umożliwia identyfikację i lokalizację błędów w oparciu o sumę Hamachera. W artykule dodatkowo omówiono metodę modelowania informacji nieznanych przy użyciu liniowej funkcji przynależności dla zbiorów rozmytych. Stany niektórych elementów mogą być nieznane z powodu awarii telemetrii lub mogą być po prostu niedostępne dla operatora. Proponowany FDS umożliwia postawienie diagnozy w takich sytuacjach. Opracowany rozmyty ekspercki FDS testowano na dwóch przykładach błędów powstałych w funkcjonującej sieci rozdzielczej.

2

Analysis of lithology and microfacies of the Lower Cretaceous “Urgonian” complex in the Manín Straits section, the Manín Unit (Western Carpathians)

Fekete K.

Geology, Geophysics and Environment

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2015

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Vol. 41, no. 1

76--77

EN

A sequence of the Jurassic-Cretaceous beds of the Manín Unit was exposed in the Manín Straits in the area of Middle Váh Valley (Strážovské Vrchy Mts.), east of the Považská Teplá village. Hettangian-Bajocian sandy crinoidal strata are uncovered at the beginning of the section which continues with thick-bedded reddish nodular limestones of Bathonian-Kimmeridgian Czorsztyn Fm (Ammonitico Rosso) with breccias and fragments of planktonic crinoids (Saccocoma sp.) in the basal part. Berriasian strata are probably missing. Upper parts consist of Lower Valanginian light gray Ladce Fm (biancone, maiolica) and Upper Valanginian Mráznica Fm. Section continues with Hauterivian-Lower Barremian Kališčo Fm with cherts. Dominant part of the Manín Straits consists of a typical member of the Manín Unit – organodetrital Lower Cretaceous “Urgonian-type” limestones. In the Manín Unit this complex is divided into organogenic reef to near-reef facies – the Manín Fm and into slope facies of organodetrital limestones, termed the Podhorie Fm by Borza et al. (1987), with lateral replacement of these two to a considerable extent coeval parts of one area of sedimentation (carbonate platform and its slope). Thickness of the “Urgonian limestones” in the Manín Straits attains around 90 m. According to Köhler (1980), only Barremian strata are represented here. The upper part was eroded before Albian. Basal part is represented by mainly gray to light gray massive limestones of the Podhorie Fm (Borza et al. 1987). They represent bioclastic debris derived from central part of the carbonate platform without corals and terrigenous admixture. Limestones of Podhorie Fm are characterized by intrabiopelmicritic/ intrabiopelsparitic texture (intraclast-biogenic-peloid wackestone/ packstone) with fragments of Barremian-Aptian foraminifers (Orbitolina sp., Dorothia sp., Valserina sp., Hedbergella sp.). They gradually pass into light gray organogenic massive fine grained rudist (Praecaprotina sp.,Offneria sp.) limestones of the Manín Fm with fragments of gastropods and benthic foraminifers (Boorová 1991). Texture of lime stones is intrabiosparitic/ intrabiosparruditic with rare presence of peloids (intraclast-rudist grainstone/ rudstone). The Manin Fm is terminated by hardground surface, which is followed by Albian-Cenomanian marlstones of the Butkov Fm with association of rare benthic and current planktonic foraminifers from the beginning of Late Albian Thalmanninella ticinensis ticinensis Zone (Boorová 1991).

3

Paleogeographic characterization of the Early Cretaceous "Urgonian" carbonate platforms

Fekete K., Straka A.

Geology, Geophysics and Environment

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2014

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Vol. 40, no. 1

80--81

EN

The objective of the present paper is to show clues which are provided for understanding the development and paleogeographic significance of the Lower Cretaceous carbonate platform sequences in different localities. The results are based mainly on the study of previous works and also on the preliminary results from lithological sections investigated by authors. The Urgonian-type limestone represents a characteristic Barremian and Aptian shallow-water carbonate facies deposited along the northern Tethyan margin. The term Urgonien was established by A. d'Orbigny in 1847 for the reef limestones near Orgon (southern France). The facies encloses massive, light-coloured organodetrital limestones with foraminifers (Orbitolina) and transitional sediments - detrital or siliceous limestones. Among bioclasts, fragments of bivalves (rudists), corals, hydrozoans, bryozoans, small and large foraminifera (Palorbitolina lenticularis, Sabaudia minuta) and algae are the most characteristic constituens. In the Early Cretaceous, the opening of Alpine Tethys was completed and induced the development of carbonate platforms on its northern margin. Urgonian carbonate platforms in the Tethys have been widely studied (e.g. Arnaud & Arnaud-Vanneau 1991, Michalik 1994). Several deposition areas can be distinguished in the Western Carpathians, mainly: the Tatric "Urgonian" Platform (biohermal and lagoonal facies), source of the detritus transported to the Murań Limestone; and the Manin Urgonian Platform prograding into the Bela Unit during the Aptian. Debris from both platforms was transported into adjacent basins and deposited as allodapic accumulations (Misik 1990). The oldest hypothesis on the position of the neritic "Urgonian" Lower Cretaceous limestones of the Manin Unit consisting of Podhorie and Manin formations was summarized by Andrusov (1938). He considered the Manin Unit as an independent nappe unit. Later, based on lithostratigraphic and tectonic features, he characterized it as a succession of Central Carpathian affinity. However, its position and the tectonic style are close to Pieniny Klippen Belt structures (Andrusov 1938, Birkenmajer 1977). From the Urgonian-like facies, which occur in the Klippen Belt and the Peri-Klippen Belt we focused mainly on the Manin Unit in the area of the Strazovske vrchy Mts., the Nizna Unit (Nizna Limestone Formation) (Jozsa & Aubrecht 2008), Benatina Klippe (Schlogl et al. 2004) and also in the Haligovce Unit (Haligovce Limestone Formation), which is usually considered as an equivalent of the Manin Unit. In the Outer Carpathians, the Urgonian-type limestones occur exclusively as exotic pebbles in younger deposits. Urgonian facies in the Western Carpathians shows some different features in comparison with other areas in the Tethys realm; e.g. lack of oolitic and oncolitic limestones, small representation of typical lagoonal facies with miliolids and dasycladaceans. The "reef-tufa" cementation, fenestrae, evaporate minerals are also missing, bauxitization is unknown. They use to be affected by silicification (presence of cherts). Dolomitization is almost missing (Misik 1990).

4

Stratigraphic analysis of the "Urgonian" complex in the Butkov Quarry, the Manin Unit (Western Carpathians)

Fekete K.

Geology, Geophysics and Environment

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2012

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Vol. 38, no. 4

469--470

EN

The Manin Unit belongs to units with Central Western Carpathians affinity and was incorporated into the Paleo-Alpine Acretionary Belt. The deposits of Manin, Klape and Drietoma units originated between the PKB Zone and Peripieninie deepwater fault (Mahel 1980). Tectonically, these units were created in the foreland of a transferring block of the Central Western Carpathians (Rakus & Hok 2005). From the lithological point of view the Manin Unit can be divided into two groups of sedimentary sequences: the first one, the Manin - Butkov Group (Rakus 1977), which is built up mostly of hemipelagic Upper Jurassic - Lower Cretaceous marly limestones; and the second one, the Podmanin Group (Kysela et al. 1982), consisting of Albian to Maastrichtian flysch and pelagic rock complexes. The most characteristic massive set of Barremian - Lower Albian Urgonian limestones is developed in Manin and Podhorie formations (Vasicek et al. 1994). The recorded Albian stratigraphic hiatus within the Manin Unit was followed by rapid deepening of this sedimentary area and onset of the pelagic deposition of dark marls of the Butkov Formation. The Manin Formation is developed in complex of mainly gray to light gray massive organogenic limestones with numerous Barremian to Albian fossils of foraminifers (Orbitolina), crinoids, echinoids, molluscs, ostracods, corals and calcareous algae. Organodetritic bituminous limestones with dark grey cherts are typical of the Barremian - Lower Aptian Podhorie Formation. In microfacies, the fragments of foraminifers (Hedbergela), molluscs and crinoid ossicles are the most frequently identified bioclasts (Borza et al. 1987). In the Butkov Quarry, within the Manin Formation three lithological sections were sampled, which were used for the biostratigraphic analysis. The lower parts of the sections consist of grainstones, pelbiointrasparites, with dominance of recrystallized peloids and intraclasts. Fragments of foraminifers, corals and sponges are less common. Microborings of blue green and green algae were observed in bioclasts, which indicate deposition within the photic zone (up to 75 m), (Budd & Perkins 1980). In the upper parts of the sections only biomicrite wackestones occur with dominant increase of bioclasts. Biostratigraphically important foraminifers (Globigerina, Textularia, Miliolida, Orbitolina) are common.They belong sometimes to rock-forming elements, especially in the Lower Cretaceous open shelf and deep-shelf deposits. Fragments of brachiopods, echinoids, bivalves and gastropods were also identified. The limestone sedimentation in the Manin Unit in Manin - Butkov Group ends with typical hardground (Rakus 1977), which terminates the Jurassic - Lower Cretaceous sedimentary cycle. Total thickness is variable and ranges from about 50 m (Butkov Quarry) to 120 m (Manin Strait).

5

Application of kernel ridge regression to network levelling via Mathematica

Völgyesi L., Paláncz B., Fekete K., Popper G.

Reports on Geodesy

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2005

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z. 2/73

263-276

EN

A new method based on support vector regression (SVR) bas been developed for network levelling. Employing zero insensitive margin and first order polynomial kemel, the general form of SVR bas been reduced to a kernel ridge regressor, which is a linear function approximator. Then this function approximation problem can be transformed into an adjustment problem, simply using proper recasting of the variabIes. Only one part of the measured values (training equations) is considered in the adjustment, the other part of them (test equations) is used to compute the risk of the data generalization. Then the quality of the estimation can be measured by computing the performance index of the levelling, a value which is a trade off between adjustment quality (residual of the test equations) and the adjustment risk (the ratio of the residual of the test equations and that of the training equations). This performance index can be optimized with the regularization term of the ridge regressor. The algorithm was implemented in Mathematica 5.1 and demonstrated by numerical example.