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Multicriteria Decision Making (MCDM) for evaluation of different transportation alternatives: A case of Rawalpindi bypass Pakistan

Shakir M. K., Khurshid M. B., Iqbal J., Adeel M.

Journal of Sustainable Development of Transport and Logistics

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2018

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Vol. 3, No. 3

38--54

EN

Safe, efficient and user-friendly transportation of people and goods have been a premier point of concern for all the developed and the developing countries around the globe. National Highway N-5 or GT road is the most important highway link in Pakistan. It carries about 80% of the country freight traffic. When this heavy traffic passes through the twin cities of Rawalpindi and Islamabad, it causes congestion and environmental hazards particularly in business centers of Rawalpindi city. Because of this heavy traffic volume passing through the cities situated along N-5, bypasses to all of them have been provided however, Rawalpindi is the only city along N5 which is still without a bypass. A bypass to Rawalpindi city is, therefore, inevitable. Besides this, the Bypass will also provide a short access to the traffic on the Motorway (M2) destined for the western part of Rawalpindi. For this research work, Rawalpindi Bypass is taken as a hypothetical scenario and is evaluated for its benefits. Besides addition to the networks of highways across Pakistan, this bypass has many other benefits which include a decrease in congestion from Islamabad and Rawalpindi main arteries (ISB Highway and IJP Road) that results in travel time savings, vehicle operating cost savings, safety savings, and reduced air pollution. This research aims to produce an engineering and scientific comparison of various costs and benefits associated with the road agency and users about the construction of an alternative. The Project involves transportation demand estimation on different segments of the National and Arterial roads, Project Costs, travel time savings, safety saving, vehicle operating cost savings, economic efficiency analysis, Air quality impact and multi criterion transportation decision making. The transportation decision making process usually involves the evaluation of effectiveness and efficiency of an alternative decision with respect to a base case DO-NOTHING Scenario. The authors have taken the existing roadway structure with no improvements as DO-NOTHING Scenario, whereas the construction of Rawalpindi Bypass (60 km) with 2 lanes in each direction is taken as Alternative B and Rawalpindi Bypass (51 km) as Alternative C. Multi criteria decision making technique is used for decision because of multiple options with different dimensions, both monetary and non-monetary. Basing of MCDM this study recommends Alternative C (51 km) for Rawalpindi Bypass.

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Simultaneous determination of eight kinds of gingerols in zingiberis rhizome collected from different areas of China

Wang Y., Chen J., Li Y., Li P., Iqbal J., Chen Y., Ma Y., Zhang C.

Acta Chromatographica

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2018

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Vol. 30, no. 3

164--168

EN

A reliable and rapid high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with diode array detector method (HPLC–DAD) was established and validated to determine eight gingerol simultaneously in the rhizomes of Zingiber offcinale Rosc. The separation of eight compounds (4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-benzenebutanol,3,5-dihydroxy-1-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl) decane, 3,5-dihydroxy-1-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl) decane, 6-gingerol, 8-gingerol, 6-shogaol, 5-hydroxy-1-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-1,4-decadien-3-one, and 10-gingerol) were performed on an Agilent TC(2) C18 (250 mm × 4.6 mm, 5 μm) at 30 °C using acetonitrile (A) and 1% formic acid aqueous solution (B) as the mobile phase with gradient elution (0–10 min, 20%–35% A; 10–28 min, 35%–55% A; 28–35 min, 55%–60% A; 35–55 min, 60%–70% A; 55.01–60 min, 100%–100% A). The detection wavelength was set at 280 nm, and the flow rate was 0.8 mL/min. Validation of the analytical method was performed by linearity, precision, and accuracy test. All compounds were quantified with good linear calibration curves (coefficient of determination R2, >0.9999). The method showed good precision with overall coefficients of variation between 0.56% and 0.84%. The range of recovery was from 95.50% to 104.14% for the analytes. This method was successfully applied to quantify eight gingerols in Z. offcinale Rosc from different regions in China, so it can provide quality assessment for this medicine.

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Nitrogen and phosphorous removal from leachate by duckweed (Lemna minor)

Iqbal J., Baig M. A.

Environment Protection Engineering

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2017

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Vol. 43, nr 4

123--134

EN

Two separate experiments were conducted during the months of June and September, 2014 to investigate the nutrient (nitrogen and phosphorous) removal from leachate by growing duckweed, Lemna minor in various leachate dilutions under natural climatic conditions of Islamabad, Pakistan. The highest uptake of nitrogen and phosphorous by duckweed was 95% and 90%, respectively, whereas the highest growth rate of duckweed was 6.4 g·m–2·day–1 during both experiments. The highest rates of nitrogen and phosphorous removal from leachate media were 380 and 200 mg·m–2·day–1, respectively, during both experiments. Nutrient uptake by duckweed and its growth rate was rapid at more diluted leachate whereas the nutrient removal rates from leachate media were higher in more concentrated leachate. The duckweed growth and its nutrient uptake ability under natural climatic conditions were directly affected by seasonal climatic variations. Relatively higher temperature and more intense solar radiation were more favorable for the duckweed growth and its nutrient uptake ability. Both parameters can be improved by pre-acclimation of duckweed with leachate which prevents the lag phase of the duckweed growth.

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A novel exoskeleton robotic system for hand rehabilitation – Conceptualization to prototyping

Iqbal J., Khan H., Tsagarakis N. G., Caldwell D. G.

Biocybernetics and Biomedical Engineering

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2014

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Vol. 34, no. 2

79--89

EN

This research presents a novel hand exoskeleton rehabilitation device to facilitate tendon therapy exercises. The exoskeleton is designed to assist fingers flexion and extension motions in a natural manner. The proposed multi-Degree Of Freedom (DOF) system consists of a direct- driven, optimized and underactuated serial linkage mechanism having capability to exert extremely high force levels perpendicularly on the finger phalanges. Kinematic and dynamic models of the proposed device have been derived. The device design is based on the results of multi-objective optimization algorithm and series of experiments conducted to study capa- bilities of the human hand. To permit a user-friendly interaction with the device, the control is based on minimum jerk trajectory generation. Using this control system, the transient response and steady state behavior of the proposed device are analyzed after designing and fabricating a two-fingered prototype. The pilot study shows that the proposed rehabilita- tion system is capable of flexing and extending the fingers with accurate trajectories.