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1

Operating point resolved loss computation in electrical machines

von Pfingsten G., Ruf A., Steentjes S., Hombitzer M., Franck D., Hameyer K.

Archives of Electrical Engineering

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2016

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Vol. 65, nr 1

73--86

EN

Magnetic circuits of electromagnetic energy converters, such as electrical machines, are nowadays highly utilized. This proposition is intrinsic for the magnetic as well as the electric circuit and depicts that significant enhancements of electrical machines are difficult to achieve in the absence of a detailed understanding of underlying effects. In order to improve the properties of electrical machines the accurate determination of the locally distributed iron losses based on idealized model assumptions solely is not sufficient. Other loss generating effects have to be considered and the possibility being able to distinguish between the causes of particular loss components is indispensable. Parasitic loss mechanisms additionally contributing to the total losses originating from field harmonics, non-linear material behaviour, rotational magnetizations, and detrimental effects caused by the manufacturing process or temperature, are not explicitly considered in the common iron-loss models, probably even not specifically contained in commonly used calibration factors. This paper presents a methodology being able to distinguish between different loss mechanisms and enables to individually consider particular loss mechanisms in the model of the electric machine. A sensitivity analysis of the model parameters can be performed to obtain information about which decisive loss origin for which working point has to be manipulated by the electromagnetic design or the control of the machine.

2

Calculation of end-winding forces of inverter fed drives

Franck D., Jansen T., Hameyer K.

Przegląd Elektrotechniczny

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2012

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R. 88, nr 7b

13-15

EN

End-winding forces can be approximated applying the Biot-Savart law. Usually constant speed and ideal sinusoidal currents are assumed. Applying these constrains a simulation of the forces for one electrical period is sufficient. However, for inverter fed drives, the harmonic content of the current is dependent on the operational load and speed. In this case the forces for each time step of the drive cycle of traction drive have to be calculated individually. This paper proposes a superposition of so called unit-current forces for each current harmonic. Still, the forces are calculated for one electrical period with unit-current amplitude based on Biot-Savart´s law. The calculation of the resulting forces is performed by means of a current superposition. This allows for a computational cost effective simulation of end-winding forces taking current harmonics due to inverter supply, speed and load dynamic operations into account.

PL

Siły w połączeniach czołowych mogą byż wyznaczane przy użyciu prawa Biota-Savarta. Zwykle przyjmuje się stałą prędkość obwodową i sinusoidalny przebieg prądu. Te założenia są wystarczające dla symulacji sił w jednym okresie elektrycznym. Jednakże w sytuacji gdy napęd zasilany jest przekształtnika i występują zależne od obciążenia i prędkości harmoniczne siły muszą być obliczane indywidualnie dla każdego kroku czasowego w cyklu trakcyjnym. W artykule proponowana jest metoda superpozycji sił od jednostkowych prądów dla każdej harmonicznej prądu. Wówczas siły mogą być, podobnie jak dla przebiegów sinusoidalnych, obliczane w jednym okresie elektrycznym z wykorzystaniem prawa Biota-Savarta. Obliczanie siły wypadkowej wykonywane jest poprzez superpozycje prądów. Procedura taka pozwala na uwzględnienia prędkości i obciążenia w obliczeniach sił w połączeniach czołowych.

3

Conformal mapping approach for permanent magnet synchronous machines: on the modeling of saturation

Hafner M., Franck D., Hameyer K.

Archives of Electrical Engineering

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2012

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Vol. 61, nr 2

211-220

EN

In the electromagnetic field simulation of modern servo drives, the computation of higher time and space harmonics is essential to predict torque pulsations, radial forces, ripple torques and cogging torque. Field computation by conformal map ping (CM) techniques is a time-effective method to compute the radial and tangential field components. In the standard CM approach, computational results of cogging torque simulations as well as overload operations observe deviations to nonlinear finite element (FE) simulations due to the neglection of slot leakage and saturation effects. This paper presents an extension of the classical CM. Additional CM parameters are computed from single finite element computations so as to consider both effects listed above in the model over a wide operation range of the electrical drive. The proposed approach is applied to a surface permanent magnet synchronous machine (SM-PMSM), and compared to numerical results obtained by finite element analysis (FEA). An accuracy similar to that of FE simulations is obtained with however the low computation time that is characteristic for analytical models.