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Ambient air quality in Upper Silesia region pre-during, and post-COVID-19 periods

Brągoszewska Ewa, Mainka Anna, Biedroń Izabela

Architecture Civil Engineering Environment

2023

Vol. 16, no. 4

135--148

Governments worldwide have established lockdowns to limit the spread of COVID-19 during the pandemic. The restrictions on travel and reduction of economic activity have led to a temporary improvement in air quality in several countries, especially in urban areas. This study investigates the changes in concentration levels of air pollutants (PM10, PM2.5, SO2, NO2, and bacterial aerosol) in the Upper Silesia Region of Southern Poland, during three periods: pre (March 2018 and 2019), during (March 2020, and 2021) and post-COVID-19 lockdown period (March 2022 and 2023). Our findings indicate that COVID-19 restrictions had a moderate impact on PM10 levels in comparison to pre- and post-COVID-19 periods. PM2.5 during lockdown was significantly lower than in the pre-COVID period and not significantly higher after COVID. PM10 and PM2.5 average concentrations decreased during COVID-19 restrictions by 27.8% and 12.7%, respectively. Compared with the results from the pre-COVID-19 phase, the reductions in NO2 and SO2 during the lockdown were 9.5% and 34.0%. Among other pollutants, bacterial aerosol (BA) concentrations also decreased during the lockdown by 23.0%, compared to the results from the pre-COVID-19 period.

Wpływ źródeł spalających paliwa stałe na zanieczyszczenie środowiska pyłem PM10 na przykładzie miasta Tarnowskie Góry

Zajusz-Zubek Elwira, Filipek Justyna, Mainka Anna

Inżynieria i Ochrona Środowiska

2019

T. 22, nr 1

15--26

One of the most dangerous pollutants in the atmospheric air is particulate matter (PM). The National Center for Emissions Management (KOBiZE) indicates that approx. 50% of PM10 emission is responsible for the so-called low emission. Home sources are particularly dangerous during the heating season, not only because of the higher amount of fuel burned compared to the rest of the year but above all because of its quality. Individual sources use low-quality coal, biomass for heating purposes and municipal waste (despite the government ban). Dust emitted from households, due to its chemical composition, and toxic effects pose a threat to human health. The aim of the work was to investigate the concentration of PM10 and trace elements content (chromium, zinc, cadmium, cobalt, manganese, nickel and lead). The studies were carried out in Tarnowskie Góry, Upper Silesia Region during the heating season. The measuring point was located on the estate of single-family houses at a distance of 100 m from the road with high traffic volume. The 24 h PM10 samples were collected for 30 days from 3.01.2018 to 3.02.2018 using the gravimetric method. Dust samples were collected using the ATMOSERVICE dust sampler. The next step obtained the determination of the concentration of heavy metals in PM10 by atomic absorption spectrometry, AVANTA PM, GBC. The results show that PM10 concentration in the heating season exceeded the limit value 50 μg/m3 (for 19 out of 30 days). The average concentration was 64.56±30.38 μg/m3, the highest concentration of PM10 was 119.99 μg/m3 (exceeded the limit value 2.4 fold), while the lowest concentration was 18.78 μg/m3. On the basis of the chemical analysis, small concentrations of heavy metals were found. The following order of average concentration of seven trace elements was found: Zn > Pb > Mn > Cr > Cd > Co > Ni. The concentration values of individual heavy metals in samples collected in the area of Tarnowskie Góry ranged from 0.14 ng/m3 in the case of cadmium to 476.97 ng/m3 for zinc. The concentration of cadmium, nickel, and lead in PM10 did not exceed the permissible level, while in the case of cadmium, the permissible level was exceeded for 14 days from 30 measurement days. Higher concentrations of Zn and Pb indicate the important role of Zinc Smelter Miasteczko Śląskie influencing the air quality of the city of Tarnowskie Góry. In order to improve the air quality in the city of Tarnowskie Góry, strict control activities should be carried out in order to execute the ban on waste incineration. The second aspect should include the guidelines on working heat and electricity supply systems that do not cause excessive pollution, in particular, particulate matter.

Przedstawiono wyniki pomiarów stężeń pyłu PM10 pobranego w mieście Tarnowskie Góry woj. śląskie w trakcie sezonu grzewczego (styczeń 2018 r.). Zgodnie z indeksami jakości powietrza, ze względu na stężenie pyłu PM10 uzyskane wyniki pomiarów wskazują na umiarkowaną jakość powietrza w mieście. Przeprowadzone badania występowania wybranych pierwiastków śladowych, takich jak: chrom, cynk, kadm, kobalt, mangan, nikiel oraz ołów, w pyle PM10 utworzyły następujący szereg Zn > Pb > Mn > Cr > Cd > Co > Ni. Analiza uzyskanych stężeń pierwiastków śladowych wskazuje na dwa istotne źródła emisji tych metali do powietrza atmosferycznego. Stężenia kadmu, przekraczające wartość dopuszczalną, wskazują istotny wpływ niskiej emisji z palenisk indywidualnych, w szczególności ze spalania odpadów. Natomiast 10-krotnie wyższe stężenia cynku oraz 20-krotnie wyższe stężenia ołowiu w porównaniu do innych miast Śląska wskazują na istotny udział Huty Cynku Miasteczko Śląskie w kształtowaniu jakości powietrza miasta Tarnowskie Góry.