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1
Content available Influence of the Heat Treatment on the Microstructure and Corrosion Resistance of Austempered Ductile Iron (ADI)
Krawiec A., Vignal V., Lelito J., Krystianiak A., Tyrała E.
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials
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2020
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Vol. 65, iss. 1
151--156
EN
The influence of the hold time of the austempering heat treatment at 280°C on the microstructure and corrosion resistance in NaCl-based media of austempered ductile iron was investigated using X-ray diffraction, micro-hardness measurements, corrosion tests and surface observations. Martensite was only found in the sample which was heat treated for a short period (10 minutes). Corrosion tests revealed that this phase does not play any role in the anodic processes. Numerous small pits were observed in the α-phase which is the precursor sites in all samples (whatever the value of the hold time of the austempering heat treatment).
2
Content available Effect of Thermal Treatment of Biomedical Ti-6Al-4V Alloy on Corrosion Resistance in Simulated Physiological Solutions
Ryba J., Kawalec M., Tyrała E., Krawiec H.
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials
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2020
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Vol. 65, iss. 1
39--45
EN
The effect of heat treatment on the corrosion resistance of Ti-6Al-4V alloy was investigated in the artificial saliva solution (MAS). It has been revealed that the thermal annealing treatment temperature favors the cathodic reactions and reduce the protective properties of passive film. The heat treatment causes the enrichment of β phase in vanadium. The lowest corrosion resistance in the artificial saliva revealed the Ti-6Al-4V alloy heated for 2 hours at 950°C. Heterogeneous distribution of vanadium within the β phase decreases the corrosion resistance of the Ti-6Al-4V.
3
Content available remote Influence of heat treatment on the corrosion resistance of Ti-6Al-4V alloy in artificial saliva
Ryba J., Krawiec H., Kawalec M., Tyrała E.
Ochrona przed Korozją
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2018
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nr 9
255--258
EN
The effect of the heat treatment on the corrosion resistance of Ti-6Al-4V alloy was investigated in the artificial saliva solution (MAS). It has been revealed that the thermal annealing treatment temperature significantly changes the properties of the passive film formed on Ti-6Al-4V alloy and decreases its corrosion resistance in the artificial saliva. Enrichment in vanadium of passive film formed on the specimen after heat treatment Ti-6Al-4V_HT favors the cathodic reactions and reduce the protective properties of passive film.
PL
W pracy badano wpływ obróbki cieplnej na odporność korozyjną stopu Ti-6Al-4V w roztworze sztucznej śliny. Wykazano, że podczas obróbki cieplnej zachodzą zmiany w składzie chemicznym na powierzchni stopu Ti-6Al-4V, co prowadzi do obniżenia jego odporności korozyjnej w roztworze sztucznej śliny. Wzbogacenie powierzchni stopu Ti-6Al-4V_HT w wanad podczas obróbki cieplnej faworyzuje reakcje katodowe i obniża właściwości ochronne warstwy pasywnej.
4
Content available The Effect of Nickel on Shaping the Structure of Al-Cu-Mn Alloys
Górny M., Sikora G., Tyrała E.
Journal of Casting & Materials Engineering
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2017
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Vol. 1, no. 1
20--26
EN
This study investigated the effect of nickel on shaping the structure of aluminum alloys of the Al-Cu-Mn type in the “as-cast” condition and after heat treatment according to the T6 procedure. The aluminum alloys of type Al-5%Cu-1%Mn, containing nickel in a range of up to 1.9%, were taken into consideration in this work. Experiments were carried out for thin-walled thickness casting (g = 5 mm) and for reference casting with a wall thickness of g = 35 mm. Metallographic investigations of both the macro- and micro-structure were conducted to estimate the secondary dendrite arm spacing (SDAS), average diameter (dav) of the primary α (Al) grains, and surface fraction of the interdendritic phases (f). Moreover, the degree of dissolution of these interdendritic phases during the solution treatment process was determined. An SEM-EDS analysis was conducted, from which it follows that the addition of nickel at the level of 0.5% changes the un-dissolved particles from a needle-like β-Fe shape to blocky and coagulated. Higher additions of nickel starting from 0.88%) give rise to as many as four phases with higher copper content, the deficit of which results in the smaller strengthening effect of α (Al) dendrites.
5
Content available Effect of Titanium Inoculation on Tribological Properties of High Chromium Cast Iron
Siekaniec D., Kopyciński D., Szczęsny A., Guzik E., Tyrała E., Nowak A.
Archives of Foundry Engineering
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2017
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Vol. 17, iss. 4
143--146
EN
The present investigation focuses on the study of the influence of titanium inoculation on tribological properties of High Chromium Cast Iron. Studies of tribological properties of High Chromium Cast Iron, in particularly the wear resistance are important because of the special application of this material. High Chromium Cast Iron is widely used for parts that require high wear resistance for example the slurry pumps, brick dies, several pieces of mine drilling equipment, rock machining equipment, and similar ones. Presented research described the effects of various amounts of Fe-Ti as an inoculant for wear resistance. The results of wear resistance were collated with microstructural analysis. The melts were conducted in industrial conditions. The inoculation was carried out on the stream of liquid metal. The following amount of inoculants have been used; 0.17% Fe-Ti, 0.33% Fe-Ti and 0.66% Fe-Ti. The tests were performed on the machine type MAN. The assessment of wear resistance was made on the basis of the weight loss. The experimental results indicate that inoculation improve the wear resistance. In every sample after inoculation the wear resistance was at least 20% higher than the reference sample. The best result, thus the smallest wear loss was achieved for inoculation by 0.66% Fe-Ti. There is the correlation between the changing in microstructure and wear resistance. With greater amount of titanium the microstructure is finer. More fine carbides do not crumbling so quickly from the matrix, improving the wear resistance.
6
Content available Effect of Different Inoculants on Impact Toughness in High Chromium Cast Iron
Siekaniec D., Kopyciński D., Guzik E., Tyrała E., Nowak A.
Archives of Foundry Engineering
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2017
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Vol. 17, iss. 2
85--88
EN
The present work, presented the study of effect of different inoculants on impact toughness in High Chromium Cast Iron. The molds were pouring in industrial conditions and samples were tested in laboratory in Faculty of Foundry Engineering at AGH. Seven samples were tested - one reference sample, three with different addition of Fe-Ti, and three with different addition of Al. The samples were subjected to impact toughness on Charpy hammer and the hardness test. The presented investigations indicate that for the each inoculant there is an optimal addition at which the sample obtained the highest value of impact toughness. For the Fe-Ti it is 0.66% and for Al is 0.17%. Of all the examined inoculants best results were obtained at a dose of 0.66% Fe-Ti. Titanium is a well-known as a good modifier but very interesting results gives the aluminum. Comparing the results obtained for the Fe-Ti and Al can be seen that in the case of aluminum hardness is more stable. The hardness of all samples is around 40-45 HRC, which is not high for this type of cast iron. Therefore, in future studies it is planned to carry out the heat treatment procedure that may improves hardness.
7
Content available Measurement of Phase Transformation Kinetics in Austempered Ductile Iron
Tyrała E., Górny M., Kawalec M.
Archives of Foundry Engineering
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2013
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Vol. 13, iss. 3 spec.
175--178
EN
The kinetics reaction occurring during the austempering treatment of ductile iron containing different concentration of Cu and Ni was studied. The samples were subjected to heat treatment in dilatometry equipment. In addition to that Vickers hardness measurements and metallographic investigations were performed. The exponential equation was used to describe the isothermal transformation processes. The dilatometric studies indicate that the addition of copper in contrast to the addition of copper and nickel does not significantly affect incubation time of austempering transformation. It has been shown that austermpering process is characterized by different transformation rate. In the initial range the addition of copper, and even in a greater extent both copper and nickel reduces its rate and moves the maximum value of the right. Results of this study also indicate that the initial growth of plates of ferrite occurs mainly diffusionlessly and the resulting maximum on the transformation rate curve should be identified with the time after which predominantly ferrite plates growth by diffusion.
8
Content available remote Identification of volumetric phase share on the basis of the relative magnetic loss of an alloy
Tyrała E., Tyrała P.
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials
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2008
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Vol. 53, iss. 1
271-274
EN
The text presents the results of research aimed at determining the influence of a volumetric share of the phases constituting the microstructure of metal alloys on their relative magnetic loss. The research aimed at identifying the above-mentioned relation was carried out on model samples of iron and copper alloys with the univocally determined volumetric share of phases with ferromagnetic and non-ferromagnetic properties. The relative magnetic loss of the examined alloys was determined by means of a prototype device for magnetic research, designed by the author. The presented results, confirmed by examinations of engineering iron alloys, allow the following relationship to be formulated: in multi-phase alloys, the minimum relative magnetic loss of an alloy is equal to the sum of products of relative magnetic losses of particular phases and their volumetric shares. The above relationship allows one in particular to carry out comparative assessment of the volumetric share of the ferromagnetic and non-ferromagnetic phases, that constitute the microstructure of metal alloys. It can also be used to control on the line the correctness of heat treatment of iron alloys, especially with respect to the volumetric share taken by the retained austenite.
PL
W referacie przedstawiono wyniki badań zmierzających do określenia wpływu udzialu objeętościowego faz wchodzących w skład mikrostruktury stopów metali na ich względna stratność magnetyczna. Badania zmierzające do określenia powyższej zależności wykonano na modelowych próbkach o jednoznacznie określonych udziałach objętościowych faz o właściwościach ferromagnetycznych i nieferromagnetycznych przygotowanych ze stopów żelaza i miedzi. Względna stratność magnetyczna badanych stopów określono za pomocą prototypowego urządzenia do badań magnetycznych autorskiego projektu. Przedstawione wyniki potwierdzone badaniami dla technicznych stopów żelaza pozwoliły na sformutowanie zależności, że w stopach wielofazowych minimalna względna stratność magnetyczna stopu jest równa sumie iloczynów względnych minimalnych stratności magnetycznych poszczególnych faz i ich udziałów objetościowych. Powyższa zależność pozwala w szczególności na porównawczą ocenę udziału objętościowego faz o właściwościach ferromagnetycznych i nieferromagnetycznych wchodzących w skład mikrostruktury stopów metali. Może być również zastosowana do bieżącej kontroli prawidłowości obróbki cieplnej stopów żelaza, zwłaszcza pod względem oceny udziału objętościowego austenitu szczątkowego.
9
Content available remote Wybrane właściwości mechaniczne i użytkowe żeliwa Ni-Hard 4 obrabianego cieplnie
Kosowski A., Tyrała E.
Archiwum Odlewnictwa
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2004
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R. 4, nr 11/1
266--273
PL
Obróbka cieplna żeliwa Ni-Hard 4 powoduje różne oddziaływanie na jego właściwości mechaniczne i użytkowe. Austenityzowanie i przesycanie zmniejsza twardość o około 260 HV i zwiększa udarność o około 50%; odporność na ścieranie nie ulega istotnej zmianie, natomiast należy oczekiwać poprawy skrawalności. Starzenie po austenityzowaniu powoduje zwiększenie twardości o około 240 HV; przy zachowaniu udarności i zwiększeniu odporności na ścieranie w porównaniu ze stanem bez obróbki cieplnej (nie odnosi się do przypadku stosowania maszyny Millera).
EN
Heat treatment of Ni-Hard 4 cast iron causes changes in its mechanical and functional qualities. Austenitizing and solution heat treatment result in hardness decrease by 260 HV and increase in impact strength by 50%. Abrasion resistance of the material does not change considerably whereas its machinability seems to have improved. Accelerated ageing after austenitizing raises hardness by 240 HV as well as its abrasive resistance. Impact strength, however, remains the same in relation to material qualities prior to heat treatment. The above does not apply when Miller's machine was used.
10
Content available remote Zmiany w obszarze dyfuzyjnego połączenia między żeliwem stopowym a siluminem w odlewach obrabianych cieplnie
Kosowski A., Lepka E., Tyrała E.
Archiwum Odlewnictwa
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2003
|
R. 3, nr 7
135-142
PL
Referat dotyczy połączeń między żeliwem niklowo-miedziowo-chromowym a siluminem. Wyniki badań wskazują, że ruch próbki i czas zanurzenia nie wpływają na skład fazowy warstwy pośredniej; zmieniają natomiast jej morfologię. Stwierdzono występowanie w żeliwie, przy granicy z warstwą pośrednią, strefy wzbogaconej w miedź i chrom, której szerokość zwiększa się z czasem zanurzania próbki. Badania połączeń w odlewach poddanych długotrwałemu wygrzewaniu (do 600 godz. w temperaturach 425-430°C wykazały, że strefa ta zanika i zmienia się w niej stężenie pierwiastków w porównaniu ze stanem przed obróbką. Skład fazowy warstwy nie zmienia się, powstają jedynie nieciągłości.
EN
The lecture concerns the connections between Ni - Cu - Cr cast iron and Al-Si alloy produced with the use of the dipping method. Results of the research show that the movement of the sample and various dipping time do not influence the phasic composition of the intermediate layer. However, they change their morphology. It was ined that in the cast iron, next to the boundary of the intermediate layer, there is an area enriched with copper and chromium. The width of this area enlarges along with dipping time. Research on the castings subjected to prolonged annealing (up to 600 in the temperatures of 425-430°C) showed that the layer decays and the concentration of the elements changes in comparison with its condition before the treatment. Furthermore, some discontinuities of the material appear.
11
Content available remote Mikrostruktura żeliwa Ni-Hard 4 po obróbce cieplnej
Kosowski A., Tyrała E., Styrkosz J., Lepka E.
Archiwum Odlewnictwa
|
2003
|
R. 3, nr 7
143-148
PL
Mikrostruktura żeliwa Ni-Hard 4 po odlaniu złożona jest z martenzytu, węglików i znacznej ilości austenitu szczątkowego. Wysoka twardość tego żeliwa ogranicza jego zastosowanie w postaci elementów obrabianych. Zastosowanie obróbki cieplnej prowadzącej do otrzymania mikrostruktury złożonej z austenitu i węglików zmniejsza twardość, co umożliwia przeprowadzenia obróbki skrawaniem. Dalsza obróbka cieplna według opracowanego sposobu, prowadzi do istotnych korzystnych zmian w mikrostrukturze badanego żeliwa w porównaniu ze stanem po odlaniu, czego efektem może być zwiększenie odporności na ścieranie.
EN
Microstructure of the cast Ni-Hard 4 cast iron consists of the martensite, carbides and significant amount of the retained austenite. High hardness of this cast iron limits its application for machinable parts. The heat treatment leading to the microstructure consisting of the austenite and carbides decreases hardness and allows performing a machining process. Additional heat treatment, according to the elaborated method, leads to the substantial, advantageous change of the examined cast iron microstructure and causes possible increase of its wear resistance - in comparison with the after-cast Ni-Hard 4 cast iron.
12
Content available remote Wrażliwość mikrostruktury żeliwa wysokochromowo-molibdenowego na grubość ścianki odlewu
Kosowski A., Staszczak L., Styrkosz J., Tyrała E.
Krzepnięcie Metali i Stopów
|
1998
|
nr 36
49--56
PL
W pracy omówiono mikrostrukturę żeliwa wysokochromowo-molibdenowego o stosunku Cr/C = 30, zawierającego ok. 1 % C i ok. 30 % Cr oraz dodatki molibdenu (1+3,5 %), uzyskiwaną w odlewach o różnej grubości ścianki. Przedstawiono także zmiany w strukturze tych odlewów zachodzące podczas wyżarzania w wysokiej temperaturze.
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