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Constitutional Supercooling in Czochralski Growth of Heavily Doped Silicon Crystals

Friedrich J., Stockmeier L., Müller G.

Zeszyty Historyczne Politechniki Warszawskiej

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2014

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z. 16

99--106

EN

This study analyses the phenomenon of constitutional supercooling, which is one of the major problems in industrial growth of heavily doped (> 1020 atoms/cm3) silicon crystals by the Czochralski technique. The systematic study is based on theoretical models and experimental data considering the effect of three important dopants (B, P, and As) in dependence of the relevant growth parameters for the Czochralski process. Based on these results, conclusions will be drawn for the stability limits of the Czochralski growth of dislocation-free heavily doped silicon crystals in dependence of the doping species and their concentration.

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Samochody z napędem elektrycznym jako aktywne elementy sieci elektrycznej

Komarnicki P., Müller G.

Elektroenergetyka : współczesność i rozwój

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2010

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Nr 2-3(4-5)

29-37

PL

Magazynowanie energii elektrycznej nabiera coraz większego znaczenia wraz ze wzrostem liczby zainstalowanych źródeł energii odnawialnej. Nawet jeżeli przez inteligentne sterowanie różnego rodzaju odnawialnymi elektrowniami w ramach tzw. wirtualnej elektrowni możliwe jest zapewnienie stabilnej pracy systemu elektroenergetycznego, elektrownie te nie są w stanie zmagazynować nadmiernie wyprodukowanej energii, szczególnie gdy panują optymalne warunki pogodowe do jej produkcji. Systemy e-car wraz z pełną infrastrukturą oferują możliwość mobilnego magazynowania energii, lepszą sprawność jej użytkowania oraz redukcję lokalnych emisji spalin, zanieczyszczeń i hałasu. W celu realizacji systemu e-car potrzebne jest rozwinięcie zarówno infrastruktury logistyczno-elektrycznej, jak i infrastruktury komunikacyjnej do wymiany danych między poszczególnymi częściami systemu. Ponadto znaczącą rolę odgrywać będą algorytmy sterowania całym systemem, aby nie tylko podnosił on niezawodność i stabilność systemu elektroenergetycznego, ale także niósł ze sobą aspekty rentowności tej usługi operatorskiej nowego rodzaju.

EN

The mounting use of renewable energy sources is elevating the importance of the storage of electrical power. Although intelligent control of different types of renewable energy sources in virtual power plants facilitates stable and reliable operation of entire power systems, renewable power plants are unable to store excess power, especially at times when the optimal weather conditions are conducive to its generation from renewable energy sources. Electromobility and its overall infrastructure furnish an option to store energy in mobile storage systems, utilize it more effectively and minimize pollutant and noise emissions. Development of electromobility infrastructures requires focusing not only on the logistical and electrical infrastructure but also the information and communication technology infrastructure since it is relevant for the exchange of needed data in the system. Moreover, new control algorithms for technical systems and new business models must be developed, which not only ensure the reliability of electrical power systems but also incorporate commercial aspects.

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Spectroscopic properties of a chlorophyll-based photosensitive dye entrapped in sol-gel fibre-optic applicators

Ulatowska-Jarża A., Bindig U., Podbielska H., Hołowacz I., Stręk W., Müller G., Eichler H. J.

Materials Science Poland

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2005

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Vol. 23, No. 1

111--122

EN

One of the promising modalities of modern medical treatment is interstitial laser therapy, where a special fibre-optic applicator is used to ensure a proper curing light distribution in the pathological lesion. Such an applicator can act as a light diffuser, and simultaneously it can serve as a carrier of the therapeutic medium, e.g. a photosensitive dye for photodynamic therapy in situ. For applicator construction, silica based sol-gels coatings are proposed in this paper. The sol-gel applicators were prepared from the silicate precursor TEOS (tetraethylorthosilicate) mixed with ethyl alcohol in acid-catalysed hydrolysis. A suitable amount of surfactant (Triton X-100) was used. The carrier matrices were produced with a solvent to precursor molar ratio of 20. In these studies, optical fibres from Laser Components were used (core diameter 400 nm, HCS, low OH). The external jacket was mechanically removed at a distance of 25 mm. The modified dip-coating method was exploited to cover the bare fibres with sol-gel material. Two types of applicators were produced, silica sol-gels with an addition of chlorophyll-derived sensibilisator (Photolon) in two various concentrations. It was proved that the immobilization of Photolon in a silica sol-gel does not destroy its chemical activity and does not disturb contact with the external environment.

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