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1

Wybrane problemy pomiaru emisji cząstek stałych z silników pojazdów ciężkich

Żółtowski A.

Transport Samochodowy

|

2018

|

z. 1

55--74

PL

W artykule opisano problemy doboru właściwej regulacji układów pomiarowych do pomiaru emisji masy cząstek stałych z silników pojazdów ciężkich i maszyn niedrogowych na tle wymagań obowiązujących przepisów. W szczególności przeanalizowano sposób regulacji i możliwość adaptacji przyrządu pomiarowego AVL472 Smart Sampler do możliwości wykonywania badań zgodnie z normą Euro VI.

EN

In the article described the problems of selecting the right regulation of measurement systems for measuring the mass particulate emissions from engines of heavy duty vehicles and non-road mobile machineries against the background of the current regulations. In particular, the method of regulation and the possibility of adapting the AVL472 Smart Sampler sampling system to the possibility of performing tests in accordance with the Euro VI standard were analyzed.

2

Testing of an engine fuelled with rapeseed oil

Żółtowski A

Journal of KONES

|

2018

|

Vol. 25, No. 3

527--532

EN

Rapeseed oil in a few applications can be used as an engine fuel. Although it has worse properties than its methyl esters, it can be considered as an alternative fuel in engines adapted to its use. The article describes some problems resulting from the use of pure rapeseed oil as a fuel for compression ignition internal combustion engines. Differences between basic physical and chemical properties between diesel oil and rapeseed oil will be discussed and their impact on the theoretical engine performance and emission of pollutants from the exhaust system, with a focus on viscosity of rapeseed oil and the impact of this parameter on the fuel injection process. The basic changes in the engine design to be able to run on the rapeseed oil are discussed. The results of author’s own tests of the engine adapted to operate on the rapeseed oil and its blends with diesel oil carried out on the engine dynamometer test bench are presented. The theoretical assumptions presented in the Introduction were tested experimentally in the dynamometric test. Combination of higher density of rapeseed oil and its smaller stoichiometric value caused by the presence of oxygen and a smaller share of hydrogen in the fuel, means that a larger mass of fuel can be injected into the charge compressed into the cylinder. Thanks to this, the engine powered by rapeseed oil and diesel oil can reach similar powers.

3

Emissions from engines fuelled with biofuels

Żółtowski A, Grzelak P. L.

Journal of KONES

|

2018

|

Vol. 25, No. 3

533--539

EN

In recent years, the interest in the use of renewable fuels in transport has increased. This is due to the European Union’s policy to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. These fuels, in addition to the effect of reducing carbon dioxide and the other greenhouse gases, may increase the emissions of other exhaust components. The article describes the problems of pollutants emissions from the engine exhaust system, related to the use of biofuels in combustion engines or their additives in conventional fuels. The influence of the chemical composition of selected biofuels on the emissions properties of vehicles and their engines will be discussed. The tests results of engines fuelled with selected biofuels, carried out by the authors of the article, will be presented. These tests will be carried out on chassis dynamometer and engine test bench, in standard research tests used in measurements of pollutants emissions like NEDC, ESC, ETC, etc. Furthermore, selected operational parameters of vehicles and engines will be compared with biofuels and conventional fuels.

4

Influence of after-treatment systems on NO2 emissions in diesel engines

Żółtowski A.

Combustion Engines

|

2017

|

R. 56, nr 3

24--29

EN

The article discusses the results of bench tests that monitor the increase of NO2 emissions in the heavy duty vehicles engines exhausts as a result of the use of particulate matter filters. The use of passive particulate matter filters inevitably leads to an increase in NO2 emissions from the engine. The particularly intensive increase in the emissions occurs when SCR reactors are shut off, which is still a common practice among drivers. NO2 concentrations in exhaust gases of DPF-equipped engines reach concentration dangerous for human health and life. The causes of the NO2 formation in the vehicles’ exhaust systems, the harmfulness of this chemical, and the results of NO2 measurements in different tests, are discussed. In addition, the effect of the presence of this compound on the accuracy of opacity measurement is discussed.

5

Comparative studies of exhaust emission from diesel engine fuelled with diesel fuel and B100 fuel

Kruczyński S., Ślęzak M., Gis W., Żółtowski A., Gis M.

Combustion Engines

|

2017

|

R. 56, nr 3

126--130

EN

The article presents a comparative study of carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides and the mass and number of particulate of diesel engine fuelled with diesel and B100. B100 is a biofuel produced from vegetable oils for vehicles with compression-ignition engines. B100 fuel and diesel have similar physical-chemical characteristics which have been analyzed. The research was carried out on an engine dynamometer in four cycles: ESC, ETC, WHSC and WHTC. The article provides an analysis of the research results, preceded by a discussion of the test cycles used.

6

Szwedzki model komunikacji miejskiej zasilanej biometanem

Żółtowski A.

Prace Naukowe Politechniki Warszawskiej. Transport

|

2016

|

z. 111

611--620

PL

W ostatnich latach Wspólnota Europejska wdraża plan zwiększenia udziału paliw odnawialnych używanych do produkcji energii i zasilania pojazdów mechanicznych. Ma on na celu częściowe zmniejszenie uniezależnienia od importu ropy naftowej jak i ograniczenie emisji CO2. Na tym tle szczególnie ciekawie prezentuje się dorobek Szwecji, dla której Komisja Europejska wyznaczyła najwyższą wartość celu wskaźnikowego, i do realizacji którego w Szwecji przyjęto niekonwencjonalne w skali Europy rozwiązania. Jednym z nich jest plan wyeliminowania do 2030 r. paliw kopalnych z transportu miejskiego, a jednym z paliw, które zastąpią jeszcze dziś powszechnie stosowany olej napędowy byłby biometan. W artykule opisano przesłanki i uwarunkowania, które sprawiły, że w Szwecji na bardzo szeroką skalę, w porównaniu z innymi państwami europejskimi, do zasilania autobusów używanych w transporcie miejskim stosowany jest biometan. Przedstawiono właściwości tego paliwa, sposób jego produkcji oraz perspektywy stosowania.

EN

For several years, the European Community is implementing a plan to increase the share of renewable fuels used in the energy production and to power motor vehicles. It aims to reduce partially the independence from oil imports and CO2 emissions as well. Against this background, particularly interesting the legacy of Sweden is presented, for which country the European Commission has set the highest value of the national overall target, and its compliance in Sweden adopted unconventional solutions across Europe. One of them is a plan to eliminate fossil fuels in public transport by 2030 year. The fuel that could replace widely used today diesel oil would be biomethane. The article describes the reasons and circumstances which made that in Sweden on a very large scale comparing to other European countries the buses used in urban transport are fuelled with biomethane. Described the characteristics of this fuel, the ways of its production and using.

7

Selected problems of greenhouse gas emissions from vehicles

Żółtowski A., Grzelak P. L.

Journal of KONES

|

2016

|

Vol. 23, No. 4

575--582

EN

Emissions of greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide, methane, dinitrogene monoxide, water vapours and ozone was constant until the end of eighteenth century, and then began to increase. This increase was particularly steep after 1950 and continues until today. It is estimated, that changes in greenhouse gas concentrations in the air, which lasts for more than 200 years, stemmed largely from human activities, including the development of agriculture, transport and industry. The article discusses the problem of the greenhouse effect in terms of emissions of selected gases and components from the motor vehicles. It presents the results of pollutants emissions measurements, including greenhouse gas emissions from vehicles, in some research tests, curried out on the chassis dynamometer. There is assessed the impact on greenhouse gas emissions from different engine sources (exhaust system, fuel system, and crankcase) due to the following fuels: LPG, CNG, petrol, diesel oil and biodiesel. This article is a fragment of greater work devoted determination of emission indicators for greenhouse gases useful in calculation of total emissions by selected transport sectors. There are two interesting conclusion of this work: the first is that for diesel engine significant part of greenhouse gas emissions have PM emissions and the second that for older spark ignition engines equipped with open type fuel systems very important part of these emissions have hydrocarbon emissions from fuel system.

8

Tyre pyrolysis oil as an engine fuel

Żółtowski A.

Journal of KONES

|

2014

|

Vol. 21, No. 1

295--302

EN

Tests have been carried out to evaluate the performance, emissions and heat release characteristics of a double cylinder direct injection diesel engine fuelled with tyre pyrolysis oil and diesel oil. The combustion parameters such as heat release rate, cylinder peak pressure, maximum rate of cylinder pressure, combustion knocking were also analysed. For purposes of this work raw pyrolysis oil was derived from waste vehicle tyres through vacuum pyrolysis realized in experimental installation. Results showed that the brake thermal efficiency of the engine fuelled with pyrolysis oil increased. THC, CO and CO2 emissions were found to be higher due to high aromatic content and longer ignition delay, whereas NOx shows increasing tendency due to greater heat release rate. The cylinder peak pressure did not change. The ignition delay became greater what can be the reason of problems with combustion knocking. Pyrolysis oil has a mass fraction of individual elements similar to diesel fuel but the chemical composition of hydrocarbons included in these fuels is different. The product of pyrolysis contains too much soot, sulphur, light and heavy hydrocarbons fractions for direct using it in engine. Aromatics content gives this fuel a distinctive smell. Pyrolysis oil is toxic and dangerous in use due to the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH). However raw pyrolysis oil is not suitable to use it as a CI fuel and requires additional distillation before using it in diesel engines as an alternative fuel in the future.

9

Knock combustion in dual fuel diesel engine

Żółtowski A.

Journal of KONES

|

2014

|

Vol. 21, No. 4

547--553

EN

This article presents the problem of the knock combustion in a dual fuel compression engine, in which additional fuel besides diesel oil was compressed natural gas (CNG). CNG was injected into the engine intake system and mixed with air supplying the engine. In this paper described the reasons of knock combustion, which occur with more intensity with the increase of methane content in engine fuel. The phenomenon of knock combustion in the dual fuel engine is difficult to eliminate, often impossible to avoid, and it forms a barrier limiting increase of methane share in the fuel. Also, this article contains the results of engine indicating and discussion on changes in the indicating diagrams caused by knock combustion. Carried out tests included engine indicating and numerical calculation of indicator diagrams with using spectral analysis and filtering cylinder pressure signals with high-pass filters. As a result of this calculation, several parameters describing intensity of knock combustion were determined. They allow to tell taking into account only cylinder pressure analysis if there is knock combustion inside engine combustion chamber or not. Knocking is an undesirable type of combustion in the engine, leading to excessive thermal and mechanical loading of the engine parts, causing premature wear of them. For this reason, this type of combustion should be eliminated from the engine operation and researchers of combustion processes must be provided with tools to detect and determine this kind of combustion.

10

Investigation of combustion process in dual fuel diesel engine

Żółtowski A.

Journal of KONES

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2014

|

Vol. 21, No. 2

303--309

EN

In this paper are presented results of dual fuel diesel engine bench testing carried out by author. The engine was fuelled parallel with two fuels. The second, additional fuel was compressed natural gas (CNG). CNG was injected into engine inlet system before inlet to engine turbocharger. There was installed a pressure transducer in one of engine cylinders and cylinder pressure was registered at the time of testing. There is discussed place and way of pressure sensor installation and impact on quality of indicating signals of the channel connecting the transducer with combustion chamber. The carried out investigations included measurement of emissions and engine indicating completed with the heat release characteristics. There was considered influence of CNG on CO, NOx, THC and NMHC emissions, especially how pollutant emissions depend on the share of methane in fuel. The effect of using natural gas as an additional fuel injected to regular CI engine on heat release rate was investigated, as well as its rate and duration. Discussed the differences between combustion of methane and diesel oil and ways of spreading flames into air-fuel mixture for these two mixed fuels The processes of combustion of diesel oil and methane are totally different. The study searches for the limits of methane content due to knocking combustion. Additive of methane to the diesel fuel is a reason of retarded heat release, decrease of engine efficiency, greater fuel consumption and changes in emissions corresponding to the lag of self-ignition

11

Potencjał produkcji biogazu w Polsce

Gis W., Żółtowski A., Grzelak P.

Zeszyty Naukowe Instytutu Pojazdów / Politechnika Warszawska

|

2013

|

z. 1/92

13--19

PL

Dyrektywa 2009/28/EC dotycząca promocji odnawialnych źródeł energii wskazuje na korzyści płynące z wykorzystywania odpadów dla produkcji paliw transportowych, ograniczania emisji gazów cieplarnianych, a przy tym zobowiązuje kraje członkowskie Unii Europejskiej do stosowania tzw. paliw odnawialnych. Również parę innych czynników, takich jak: bezpieczeństwo energetyczne, kończące się zasoby kopalnych źródeł energii, wzrost cen konwencjonalnych paliw, jak również uzależnienie od paliw importowanych, mają wpływ na konieczność poszukiwania nowych źródeł energii. Jednym z odpowiednich rozwiązań tego problemu jest wdrożenie biogazu jako źródła energii w produkcji energii w kogeneracji oraz, w postaci rafinowanej biogazu (biometanu), jego wprowadzenia jako odnawialnego paliwa dla transportu. W artykule zaprezentowano analizę potencjału produkcyjnego biogazu w Polsce. Przedstawiono aktualny stan rozwoju przemysłu biogazowego w Polsce wraz z podaniem istniejących instalacji do produkcji biogazu. Określony został potencjał produkcyjny biogazu dla różnych źródeł jego otrzymywania, takich jak surowce i odpady rolnicze, odpady komunalne i wysypiska odpadów, jak również osad ściekowy powstający w oczyszczalniach ścieków. Finalne uśrednione wartości szacowanych potencjałów podane zostały w oparciu o różne krajowe źródła danych.

EN

Directive 2009/28/EC on the promotion of renewable energy sources, indicates the benefits of using waste for the production of transport fuels, reduction of GHG emission and requires UE Member States to use renewable fuels. Also some different factors such as: energy security of the country, ending the fossil energy sources, increase of the prices of conventional energy sources and dependence on imported fuels, has an influence on the need to seek new energy sources. One of the good solutions of this problem is implementation of biogas, as an energy source for electricity production in cogeneration and, in refined form of biogas (biomethane), its introduction as renewable fuel for transport needs. The paper presents the analysis of biogas production potential in Poland. There were presented the current state of development of biogas industry in Poland, together with the number of existing installations for the production of biogas. There was identified the potential of biogas production from different sources, such as agricultural raw materials and waste, municipal waste and landfill waste, and sludge formed in sewage treatment plants. The final average values of the biogas potential are based on different national data sources.

12

Możliwości wykorzystania biometanu jako paliwa autobusów miejskich na przykładzie Polski i Szwecji

Biernat K., Gis W., Grzelak P., Żółtowski A.

Przemysł Chemiczny

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2013

|

T. 92, nr 7

1280-1284

13

Czynniki rozwoju transportu miejskiego zasilanego biometanem

Gis W., Grzelak P., Żółtowski A.

Prace Naukowe Politechniki Warszawskiej. Transport

|

2013

|

z. 98

175--181

PL

W artykule przedstawiono możliwości produkcji biometanu jako paliwa transportowego przeznaczonego do autobusów eksploatowanych w polskich miastach, a także uwarunkowania do jego szerszego wykorzystania jako paliwa do zasilania autobusów komunikacji miejskiej na wzór wybranych szwedzkich miast wraz z nakreśleniem systemów wsparcia dla biometanu w krajach europejskich. Zaprezentowano perspektywy wykorzystania biometanu w transporcie miejskim w odniesieniu do istniejącego stanu floty miejskich autobusów gazowych zasilanych CNG oraz istniejącej infrastruktury CNG.

EN

The paper presents the possibility of biomethane production as a transport fuel for buses in Polish cities, as well as the conditions for its wider use as a vehicle fuel on the example of selected Swedish cities with an indication of support systems for biomethane in European countries. There were presented the opportunities for use the biomethane in urban transport concerning the existing fleet of CNG city buses and existing CNG infrastructure. There were also conducted an assessment of the benefits, especially the environmental ones, of use of gaseous fuels for these applications.

14

Badania pojazdu elektrycznego Zilent Courant w testach jezdnych

Bocheńska A, Grzelak P., Gis W., Majerczyk A., Żółtowski A.

Maszyny Elektryczne : zeszyty problemowe

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2013

|

Nr 2(99)

253--258

PL

Zużycie energii przez samochód jest zależne od warunków ruchu oraz od właściwości samochodu. Zużycie energii jest zdeterminowane przebiegiem prędkości samochodu oraz warunkami zewnętrznymi, np. oporami toczenia, wzniesieniami, wiatrem itp. Z tego powodu zarówno zużycie paliwa, jak i emisję zanieczyszczeń, ocenia się dla klasycznych samochodów w testach jezdnych. Oczywiście, aby wiedza o właściwościach samochodu nie dotyczyła wyłącznie testów homologacyjnych, jest konieczne wykonywanie badań w wielu testach odpowiadających różnym warunkom ruchu. W artykule przedstawione zostały badania zużycia energii przez samochód osobowy w testach zarówno homologacyjnych: europejskich - NEDC, amerykańskich - FTP jak i specjalnych np.: Stop and Go. Oprócz tego wykonane zostały badania w warunkach trakcyjnych w czasie jazd rzeczywistych. Pomiary przeprowadzone zostały na samochodzie osobowym marki Zilent model Courant wyprodukowany przez chińską firmę Shandong Baoya New Energy Vehicle Co.,ltd. Jest to samochód elektryczny, którego jedynym źródłem zasilania są akumulatory, czyli spełnia on warunki do zakwalifikowania jako „pure electric vehicle” zgodnie z punktem 2 Regulaminu 101 EKG ONZ.

EN

The energy consumption of the car is dependent on traffic conditions and the car properties. The energy consumption in the vehicle is dependent on vehicle’s speed and resistance motion such as rolling resistance, the angle of travelled hills, wind speed, etc. It is necessary to perform the research in a number of tests corresponding to the different traffic conditions for increase knowledge beyond type-approval tests. The article presents energy consumption studies of electric passenger vehicle in both approval test: European – NEDC, American – FTP as well as special tests, for example Stop and Go. In addition, tests under actual conditions of traffic on the big city streets were prepared. The measurements were performed on a passenger car brand Zilent model Courant, produced by Chinese company Shandong Baoya New Energy Vehicle Co. ltd. This is an electric vehicle, with the only energy of battery, which meets the conditions to qualify it as a “pure electric vehicle” in accordance with section 2 of the ECE Regulation no. 101.

15

Engine testing of RME additives

Żółtowski A., Grzelak P. L.

Journal of KONES

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2013

|

Vol. 20, No. 4

511--516

EN

Reducing the emission of pollutants emitted from motor vehicles, and now also in greenhouse gas emissions, is a result of European Union policy. Vehicle design changes are just one way of reducing emissions of harmful substances and greenhouse gases. The second way is to change the type of fuel, by which the vehicle's engine is powered, that is the substitution of conventional fossil fuels derived from crude oil, such as gasoline or diesel fuel by so-called renewable fuels, for which the CO2 emissions are measured not only in the engine exhaust system, but also by analysis "from the source to the wheel" WTW (Well-to-wheel) - is much smaller. As part of this task the Directive 2009/28/EC introduced for all Member States to the use of renewable energy, biofuels, alternative fuels to a certain extent share of the energy and conventional fuel by 2020. This paper presents the results of measurements of emissions on the dynamometer with a diesel engine powered by six kinds of mixtures of diesel oil and rapeseed oil methyl ester (RME) – with esters containing 0 (clean diesel), 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 (pure rapeseed oil methyl esters)% in the fuel. We analysed the reasons for the impact of changes in fuel composition on selected limited exhaust components. We found, that the addition of esters of rapeseed oil to the diesel fuel can be a reason of reducing the emissions of CO, CO2, and THC in the exhaust gases of tested engine and increased emissions of NOx and PM.

16

Engine testing of bus fuelled with LNG

Gis W., Żółtowski A., Taubert S., Grzelak P. L.

Journal of KONES

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2013

|

Vol. 20, No. 4

93--98

EN

Due to finishing of conventional fossil energy resources, energy security, the desire of independence from imported fuels and reduction of emission of harmful compounds and greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, there is need to explore new technologies using alternative energy sources. One of alternative energy sources, which can be used in transportation, is natural gas. Natural gas can be use in two forms: as a gas (CNG – Compressed Natural Gas), and as a liquid (LNG - Liquefied Natural Gas). Currently the most often used is CNG fuel. The vehicles, which can be supplied by CNG or LNG fuels are called Natural Gas Vehicles (NGV). The article presents the basic properties of liquefied natural gas (LNG) used as a fuel for internal combustion engines. There were made the comparison of the characteristics of CNG, LNG and diesel oil as an engine fuels in different aspects. There was presented the measurement method and measurement equipment applied in the Motor Transport Institute, used to measure the fuel consumption of LNG bus in real traffic conditions in comparison to bus, supplied by diesel oil. The results of measurements in SORT tests were presented and compared with fuel consumption of similar buses fuelled with diesel fuel.

17

The possibilities of reducing emission pollutants of exhaust from city buses by the use of biomethane

Merkisz J., Gis W., Grzelak P., Żółtowski A.

Combustion Engines

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2013

|

R. 52, nr 3

562--568

EN

Depletion of fossil energy sources, and thus the prices increase of conventional fuels such as gasoline or diesel fuel, the energy security and dependence on imported fuels, as well as the deteriorating environment and global warming mean that there are more and more new technologies using renewable energy sources nowadays. In the medium- and long-term perspective a significant changes are needed regarding means of transport in ensuring "sustainable mobility". A solution is the implementation of biofuels, including biogas refined to form of biomethane, and renewable alternative fuels. Biomethane is produced from waste organic matter. Directive 2009/28/EC indicates the benefits of using waste for the production of transport fuels, to decarbonisation of the energy sector and requires Member States of UE to use renewable fuels. The paper presents possibilities of reducing contaminants in exhaust gases emitted by public transport buses as a result of the use of biomethane to power them. In view of the fact that biomethane is a chemical equivalent of compressed natural gas (CNG), there will be specify a condition of CNG infrastructure in Poland, the state of fleet of CNG buses, CNG filling stations and biomethane production potential from municipal resources in the case of Polish cities using bus public transport.

PL

Wyczerpywanie się zasobów kopalnych źródeł energii, a co za tym idzie wzrost cen paliw konwencjonalnych takich jak benzyna czy olej napędowy, bezpieczeństwo energetyczne oraz uzależnienie od importu paliw, jak również pogarszający się stan środowiska i efekt cieplarniany powodują, że powstaje coraz więcej nowych technologii wykorzystujących odnawialne źródła energii. W perspektywie średnio- i długoterminowej niezbędne są istotne zmiany dotyczące środków transportu w zakresie zapewnienia „zrównoważonej mobilności”. Rozwiązanie stanowi wdrażanie biopaliw, w tym biogazu oczyszczonego do postaci biometanu, oraz odnawialnych paliw alternatywnych. Biometan otrzymywany jest z odpadowej masy organicznej. Dyrektywa 2009/28/WE wskazuje na korzyści związane z wykorzystywaniem odpadów do produkcji paliw transportowych, celem dekarbonizacji sektora energetycznego i zobowiązuje państwa członkowskie UE do stosowania paliw odnawialnych. W zgłoszonym artykule została przeanalizowana możliwość ograniczania zanieczyszczeń w spalinach emitowanych przez autobusy komunikacji miejskiej w wyniku zastosowania biometanu do ich zasilania. W związku z tym, że biometan stanowi chemiczny odpowiednik sprężonego gazu ziemnego (CNG), określony zostanie stan infrastruktury CNG w Polsce, stan taboru autobusów zasilanych CNG, stacji tankowania CNG oraz potencjał produkcji biometanu z surowców komunalnych w przypadkach polskich miast wykorzystujących autobusową komunikację miejską.

18

Research on the ammonia concentration in the exhaust gas of the self-ignition engines

Gis W., Żółtowski A., Grzelak P.

Combustion Engines

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2013

|

R. 52, nr 3

575--580

EN

In the article there was reviewed the principle of operation of the SCR type catalitic reactors and explained the reason, why ammonia appears in the exhaust gas. The principles of analyzers to measure the concentrations of ammonia in the exhaust gases was reviewed. There were examined changes in EU regulations on the emissions of vehicles engines in comparison to UNECE Regulation No. 49, series 05 of amendments.

PL

W artykule przedstawiono zasadę działania reaktorów katalitycznych typu SCR oraz wyjaśniono przyczynę, dla której w spalinach pojawia się amoniak. Dokonano przeglądu zasady działania analizatorów do pomiarów stężeń amoniaku w spalinach. Przeanalizowane zostały zmiany wprowadzone w rozporządzeniach UE dotyczących emisji zanieczyszczeń z układów wylotowych silników pojazdów w porównaniu z Regulaminem EKG ONZ nr 49, seria 05 poprawek.

19

Feasibility study for the pilot biomethane refueling station for city buses in Rzeszow

Gis W., Rudkowski M., Żółtowski A.

Combustion Engines

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2013

|

R. 52, nr 3

581--586

EN

The subject of the article is to analyze the possibilities and conditions required to be fulfilled for the introduction of biomethane as a fuel to power city buses in Rzeszow. There will be examined various aspects of the prospects and opportunities for the delivery of biomethane for transport buses in the city, including the necessary costs associated with the production and distribution of the fuel. The environmental benefits associated with the use of biomethane will also will be presented, there will be determined the scale and technical capabilities for the delivery of biomethane for city transport in Rzeszow.

PL

Przedmiotem zgłoszonego artykułu jest analiza możliwości i uwarunkowań koniecznych do spełnienia dla wprowadzenia biometanu jako paliwa do zasilania autobusów miejskich w Rzeszowie. Przeanalizowane zostaną różne aspekty związane z perspektywami i możliwościami dostarczania biometanu dla autobusów komunikacji miejskiej w tym mieście wraz z niezbędnymi kosztami związanymi z produkcją i dystrybucją tego paliwa. Korzyści dla środowiska związane ze stosowaniem biometanu zostaną również zaprezentowane, określona skala i techniczne możliwości dostaw biometanu dla potrzeb transportu miejskiego w Rzeszowie.

20

Evaluation of the effectiveness of replacement catalytic converters

Gis W., Grzelak P., Taubert S., Żółtowski A.

Combustion Engines

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2013

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R. 52, nr 3

569--574

EN

The article reviews the market for replacement catalytic converters and discusses the results of comparative studies of catalytic converters: the original and the replacement. There were presented the exemplary results of emissions from vehicles exhaust system, equipped with a spark-ignition engine equipped with new catalytic converters: original and replacement. The estimation of fulfillment by replacement catalytic converters of the 103 UNECE Regulations requirements were made with an estimate of the potential impact of the use of replacement catalytic converters upon emission factors.

PL

W artykule dokonano przeglądu rynku zamiennych reaktorów katalitycznych oraz omówiono wyniki badań porównawczych reaktorów katalitycznych: oryginalnego i zamiennego. Przedstawione zostały przykładowe wyniki badań emisji zanieczyszczeń z układu wydechowego samochodu wyposażonego w silnik z zapłonem iskrowym wyposażonego w nowe reaktory katalityczne: oryginalny oraz zamienny. Dokonano oceny spełniania przez badane zamienne reaktory katalityczne wymagań regulaminu 103 EKG ONZ wraz z oszacowaniem potencjalnego wpływu stosowania zamiennych reaktorów katalitycznych na wskaźniki emisji.