Wyniki wyszukiwania - BazTech

1

Metody dokumentowania zastosowane w badaniach terenowych stanowiska wietrzejących anhydrytów w Piskach k. Lwowa

Ługowski D., Jarzyna A., Bąbel M., Nejbert K.

Biuletyn Państwowego Instytutu Geologicznego

|

2016

|

nr 466

201--214

PL

W kamieniołomie Pisky, 30 km na południe od Lwowa, wskutek wietrzenia (uwadniania) anhydrytu (CaSO4) i jego przechodzenia w gips (CaSO4•2H2O) wzrasta objętość skały i tworzą się wyjątkowe formy rzeźby, nazywane kopułami z hydratacji. We wnętrzach narastających kopuł powstają komory, które stopniowo przekształcają się w jaskinie, zwane jaskiniami z hydratacji (lub jaskiniami z pęcznienia). Równocześnie skały ulegają rozpuszczaniu i na ich powierzchni tworzą się żłobki krasowe. Zachodzące współcześnie, osobliwe procesy wietrzeniowe i rzeźbotwórcze wymagają precyzyjnej dokumentacji i monitorowania. W niniejszej pracy opisano optymalne techniki badań terenowych zastosowane przy dokumentowaniu strefy wietrzenia. Obejmują one metody: reperów, skanowania laserowego 3D, skanowania światłem strukturalnym LED, fotogrametrii naziemnej oraz modelowania obiektów 2,5D za pomocą fotogrametrii. W pracy omówiono wady i zalety zastosowanych metod.

EN

In the quarry at Pisky, 30 km south of Lviv, the volume of rock mass increases and unique relief features, called the hydration domes, are being formed due to weathering (hydration) of anhydrite (CaSO4) and its transformation into gypsum (CaSO4•2H2O). In the interiors of the growing domes, chambers are formed that gradually transform into caves called the hydration (or swelling) caves. Simultaneously, the rocks dissolve and their surface is covered with rillenkarren. The unusual weathering and geomorphological processes taking place today require accurate documentation and monitoring. In this paper we describe the optimum field methods used to document the zone of weathering. These methods include: method of benchmarks, method of 3D laser scanning, method of scanning with structured light LED, method of terrestrial photogrammetry, and method of modelling of 2.5D objects using photogrammetry. We discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the methods used.

2

The Middle Miocene of the Fore-Carpathian Basin (Poland, Ukraine and Moldova)

Wysocka A., Radwański A., Górka M., Bąbel M., Radwańska U., Złotnik M.

Acta Geologica Polonica

|

2016

|

Vol. 66, no. 3

351--401

EN

Studies of Miocene sediments in the Fore-Carpathian Basin, conducted by geologists from the University of Warsaw have provided new insights on the distribution of the facies infilling the basin, particularly in the forebulge and back-bulge zones. The origin of the large-scale sand bodies, evaporitic deposits and large-scale organic buildups is discussed, described and verified. These deposits originated in variable, shallow marine settings, differing in their water chemistry and the dynamics of sedimentary processes, and are unique with regard to the fossil assemblages they yield. Many years of taxonomic, biostratigraphic, palaeoecologic and ecotaphonomic investigations have resulted in the identification of the fossil assemblages of these sediments, their age, sedimentary settings and post-mortem conditions. Detailed studies were focused on corals, polychaetes, most classes of molluscs, crustaceans, echinoderms, and fishes.

3

The largest giant gypsum intergrowths from the Badenian (Middle Miocene) evaporites of the Carpathian Foredeep

Bąbel M., Olszewska-Nejbert D., Nejbert K.

Geological Quarterly

|

2010

|

Vol. 54, No 4

477-486

EN

The Badenian (Middle Miocene) evaporite deposits of the Carpathian Foredeep in Poland, Ukraine and Czech Republic, contain large bottom-grown primary gypsum crystals (selenite) which are some of the largest in the world. The 0.5-3.5 m long crystals are arranged in a palisade manner and create specific intergrowths similar to the contact swallow-tail {101} twins known in other areas. They occur in one stratigraphical interval that is several metres thick. The largest specimens were found near Busko in Southern Poland. The selenite crystals are commonly 1-1.5 m long, but specimens exceeding 2.5 m in length are present but are rare and poorly documented. Some years ago one specimen approaching 3.5 m in length was recognized at Bogucice-Skałki and seems to be the largest known and existing mineral crystal in Poland. Recently another ca. 3.5 m long selenite specimen was exposed at nearby Gacki. Both these crystals are partly damaged, and one is not fully exposed, and therefore it is difficult to establish which is (or was) actually the largest one.

4

Selenite-gypsum microbialite facies and sedimentary evolution of the Badenian evaporite basin of the northern Carpathian Foredeep

Bąbel M.

Acta Geologica Polonica

|

2005

|

Vol. 55, no. 2

187-210

EN

Facies analysis was applied to the six main facies of the Badenian (Middle Miocene) gypsum deposits exposed along the margin of the Carpathian Foredeep basin, from Moldova to the Czech Republic. These facies, recognised within primary selenite and fine-grained gypsum deposits, are: (i) selenites with vertical crystals; (ii) selenites with horizontal crystals; (iii) selenite debris flow facies; (iv) selenite debris facies; (v) gypsum microbialite facies; and (vi) alabastrine facies. The facies represent various environments (from shallow-brine to subaerial) of a giant salina-type basin without open-water connections with the sea and showing evaporite drawdown. Integration of facies analysis and event stratigraphic studies in the gypsum basin allowed reconstruction of its sedimentary history.The architecture of the gypsum facies suggests that the margin of the basin was occupied by a system of variable perennial saline pans (dominated by selenite deposition) and evaporite shoals (dominated by gypsum microbialite deposition). The basin was infilled with evaporite deposits by aggradation. After initial evaporite drawdown, the northern margin of the basin evolved from a large perennial saline pan (or system of pans) into an evaporite shoal and then back again into a perennial pan, whereas the east area of the basin was a vast evaporite shoal dominated by gypsum microbialites. Separate selenite pans of oligotrophic-type developed both at the periphery and in the interior of this shoal. Later, predominantly clastic gypsum deposition developed throughout the basin margin, presumably due to a drastic change in the chemistry and salinity of the brine. Evaporite deposition was arrested by a flood of marine waters and rapid deepening.

5

Event stratigraphy of the Badenian selenite evaporites (Middle Miocene) of the northern Carpathian Foredeep

Bąbel M.

Acta Geologica Polonica

|

2005

|

Vol. 55, no. 1

9-29

EN

The Middle Miocene (Badenian) evaporites of the northern Carpathian Foredeep were deposited in a salina-type basin. Calcium sulphate sediments were deposited mainly on the broad northern margins of the basin, on vast evaporite shoals (mainly as fine-grained microbialite gypsum) and in large shallow saline pans (as coarse-crystalline selenites). 125 sections of these primary deposits, exposed from Moldova, Ukraine, Poland to the Czech Republic, were subjected to stratigraphic analysis based principally on the methodology of event and high-resolution stratigraphy. Due to an extremely gentle relief and a predominantly aggradational type of deposition, typical of a salina basin, the environmental changes or events were recorded nearly instantaneously in the whole area. Some events, such as water-level or brine-level fluctuations (emersions and floods, which can be very rapid in a salina basin),fluctuations in the average pycnocline level, aeolian dust or ash falls, accretion of specific gypsum microbialites, produced sets of marker beds which are perfectly correlated over distances of tens to hundreds of kilometres. Some thin grass-like selenite beds, representing deposits of shallow flat-bottomed saline pans, were correlated precisely over such great distances and are interpreted as isochronous or near-isochronous. Each bed was presumably deposited during the average pycnocline level highstands in the saline pan. The thick-bedded selenite units do not show long-distance bed-by-bed correlation, presumably because they were deposited in deeper pans in which the pycnocline fluctuations were recorded by bedding planes (i.e. by intercalations of fine-grained gypsum or dissolution surfaces) only on the shallow slopes or swells. However some apparent growth zones in the gypsum crystals from such selenite units were correlated throughout the basin, proving that the selenite growth However some apparent growth zones in the gypsum crystals from such selenite units were correlated throughout the basin, proving that the selenite growth was isochronous.

6

Models for evaporite, selenite and gypsum microbialite deposition in ancient saline basins

Bąbel M.

Acta Geologica Polonica

|

2004

|

Vol. 54, no. 2

219--249

EN

A group of integrated hydrological and sedimentary qualitative models is introduced for evaporite and selenite (coarsecrystalline gypsum) deposition in ancient drawdown saline basins (salinas). The general model of a salina basin as a framework for intrabasinal models of selenite and gypsum microbialite (a variety of fine-grained gypsum) sedimentation is given. Selected aspects of evaporite, selenite and gypsum microbialite deposition are reviewed and discussed. A salina basin is a depression supplied with marine water by seepage and occasional surface inflows. The intrabasinal environments comprise: (i) ephemeral saline pans, evaporite shoals, and the peculiar majanna environment (recognised in the Recent MacLeod salina, Australia); and (ii) perennial saline pans. The sedimentary dynamic of these environments is controlled largely by seasonal brine level and groundwater table level fluctuations. The perennial saline pans are characterised by three basic hydrological states: (i) meromixis - with a permanent pycnocline, (ii) monomixis to polymixis - with a seasonal or periodic pycnocline, and (iii) polymixis - without a constant pycnocline. Monomictic saline pans showing stratification in the wet period (during seasonal highstand) and mixis in the dry period of the year (during seasonal lowstand) are the most significant for subaqueous evaporite and selenite deposition. Evaporite deposition takes place mainly during a mixis period coinciding with a dry season lowstand and increased evaporition. Within intrabasinal environments selenite crusts can be occasionally deposited from permanent brine sheets on evaporite shoals or majanna flats, but are mainly the product of bottom crystallisation in the hypolimnion of the monomictic (and/or polymictic) saline pans. Shallow-brine and deep-brine selenite pans are distinguished from each other on the basic of the relationship of the seasonally fluctuating pycnocline to the bottom of the pan. Selenite deposition in the mixolimnion of a deep meromictic basin is also possible. The qualitative models can be used for sedimentological analyses of ancient selenite-evaporite basins.

7

Badenian evaporite basin of the northern Carpathian Foredeep as a drawdown salina basin

Bąbel M.

Acta Geologica Polonica

|

2004

|

Vol. 54, no. 3

313-337

EN

The Middle Miocene (Badenian) Ca sulphate-dominated evaporites of the northern Carpathian Foredeep (in Ukraine, Poland, the Czech Republic and Moldova) are interpreted as deposits of a giant and shallow salina basin developed in norhern Central Paratethys during the Badenian salinity crisis. The predicted features of salina basin model are discussed and compared with the actual geological record of the Badenian evaporites. The main depositional features of salina basin, are: (i) evaporite drawdown; (ii) rapid and large fluctuations in basinal water level; (iii) presence of both shallowing-upward and deepening-upward depositional sequences; (iv) aggradational deposition; (v) variable marine, non-marine, and/or mixed characteristic of brine; all which are recognised in this Badenian basin. Aggradational evaporite deposition was controlled by water or brine level fluctuations within the basin or subbasins.Because the basin was separated from the sea by some emerged barriers these fluctuations were only weakly dependent on world-wide sea-level changes but were rather controlled by regional climate.

8

Brine palaeocurrent analysis based on oriented selenite crystals in the Nida Gypsum deposits (Badenian, southern Poland)

Bąbel M.

Geological Quarterly

|

2002

|

Vol. 46, No 4

435-448

EN

Unique sedimentary structures indicating the direction of brine currents are present in the Middle Miocene (Badenian) evaporite basin in Carpathian Foredeep. They occur within widespread gypsum deposits cropping out along the northern margin of the Foredeep, in Ukraine, Poland and the Czech Republic. The primary bottom-grown selenite crystals show apices turned horizontally in the same or similar directions, and are interpreted as the direction of inflowing calcium sulphate oversaturated brine. The upstream directed crystals are used to reconstruct brine palaeocurrents in outcrops of the Nida Gypsum deposits in NW margin of the Foredeep evaporite basin in Poland. Palaeocurrent analysis is based on simplified measurements which consisted in the determination of azimuth intervals enclosing groups of conformably oriented crystals. Measurements revealed that the brine flowed into the study area mainly from north and east, and outflowed farther towards the SW. This palaeoflow is roughly parallel to the basin margin contour and is a part of the longshore counterclockwise brine circulation well documented in other areas of the basin. Local deviations from the uniform flow directions suggest presence of shoals and islands forming obstacles for the brine streamlines on the Nida area.

9

The largest natural crystal in Poland

Bąbel M.

Acta Geologica Polonica

|

2002

|

Vol. 52, nr 2

251-267

EN

Gypsum crystals 0.5-3.5 m long occuring in the Middle Miocene (Badenian) gypsum deposits in the northern margin of the Carpathian Foredeep, are the larges mineral crystals in Poland, and represent some of the largest natural crystals in Europe. The crystals spectacular giant intergrowth is similar to the contact "swallow-tail" {101} twins known from other Cenozoic deposits. The intergrowths are arranged in a palisade manner and occur in a distinct stratigraphic a horizon, several meters thick, that is traceable for a distance of approximately 500 km from the Czech Republic in the west to the western Ukraine in the east. In Poland its best exposures are near Busko in the Nida river valley, south of the Holy Cross Mountains, where countless gypsum crystals are 1-1.5 m in length, specimens larger than 2.5 m are rare, and only one crystal approaching 3.5 m of length has been documented. This unique specimen, exposed at Bogucice-Skałki, is the largest known mineral crystal in Poland.

10

History of sedimentation of the Nida Gypsum deposits (Middle Miocene, Carpathian Foredeep, southern Poland)

Bąbel M.

Kwartalnik Geologiczny

|

1999

|

Vol. 43, Nr 4

429-447

EN

The Nida Gypsum deposits are the best exposed in Poland part of the Middle Miocene (Badenian) evaporites of the Carpathian foreland basin. These deposits record various shallow water (<< 5 m) evaporative environments. The facies sequence in the lower part of evaporites reflects shallowing (up to emersion) and than deepening accompanied with salinity rise up to halite precipitation. The salinity rise was arrested by refreshment promoting subaqueous dissolution of sodium chloride. This event was followed by the second large salinity rise and then final dilution of brine which finished evaporative sedimentation. The described two saline cyclothems are recognizable over large area of Carpathian foreland basin.

PL

Na podstawie rozprzestrzenienia 5 wyróżnionych pierwotnych facji (M. Bąbel, 1999b), reprezentowanych przez gipsy szklicowe, rumosze kryształów gipsu, gipsy trawiaste, szablaste i mikrokrystaliczne, oraz szczegółowe interpretacje środowisk sedymentacji ich 12 subfacji (tab. l; M. Bąbel, 1999b), odtworzono historię sedymentacji środkowomioceńskich gipsów Ponidzia. Osady te tworzyły się w płytkim (0-5 m) basenie ewaporacyjnym. Stałe pionowe następstwo facji w dolnej części profilu: gipsy szklicowe-trawiaste-szablaste-mikrokrystaliczne, jest wynikiem spłycenia (a lokalnie wynurzenia prowadzącego do powstania rumoszy kryształów pokrywających gipsy szklicowe) i następującego po nim pogłębienia. Zmiany głębokości były stowarzyszone ze wzrostem zasolenia aż do wytrącenia halitu w gipsach mikrokrystalicznych. Wzrost zasolenia został przerwany rozcieńczeniem solanek, które wywołało rozpuszczenie wcześniej osadzonego halitu. Ponowny wzrost zasolenia wyraził się powtórzeniem sekwencji facji: gipsy trawiaste-szablaste-amikrokrystaliczne w górnej części profilu. Dolne ogniwa tej sekwencji mają zredukowaną miąższność i są obecne wyłącznie na północny badanego terenu. Wyróżnione dwa cykloteny solne można rozpoznać na znacznym obszarze zapadliska przedkarpackiego również na Ukrainie.

11

Facies and depositional environments of the Nida Gypsum deposits (Middle Miocene, Carpathian Foredeep, southern Poland)

Bąbel M.

Kwartalnik Geologiczny

|

1999

|

Vol. 43, Nr 4

405-428

EN

Seven facies (five primary and two diagenetic) and 12 subfacies are distinguished within the Nida Gypsum deposits which are a part of the widespread Middle Miocene (Badenian) evaporites of the Carpathian Foredeep cropping out in vicinity of Busko in southern Poland. Facies are defined as products of specific mechanisms of evaporitic deposition: syntaxial bottom growth of gypsum crystals, microbial gypsum deposition (mainly gypsification of organic mats), mechanical deposition and diagenetic and weathering processes. Primary facies and subfacies, and their uncommon sedimentary structures (such as: up to 3.5 m high bottom-grown gypsum crystals, several metres high selenitic domes, gypsum stromatolite domes, halite-solution collapse breccias) record a varied shallow water (0-5 m) evaporitic environment, controlled mainly by depth, salinity and climate.

PL

W badeńskich gipsach Ponidzia wyróżniono 6 facji siarczanowych: gipsy szklicowe, rumosze kryształów gipsu, gipsy trawiaste, szablaste, mikrokrystaliczne, porfiroblastyczne i jedna fację węglanową. W obrębie 5 pierwszych facji wyróżniono 12 subfacji i scharakteryzowano środowiska ich sedymentacji, które w większości są typowe dla płytkiego, okresowo wynurzanego zbiornika ewaporacyjnego. Facje zdefiniowano jako produkty kilku podstawowych mechanizmów depozycyjnych (por. E.Mutti, F.Ricci Lucchi, 1975), m.in. takich jak: (I) syntaksjalny wzrost dużych kryształów gipsu wprost na dnie basenu (gipsy szklicowe, trawiaste i szablaste), (II) mikrobialną (sensu R.V.Burne, L.S.Moore, 1987) depozycję drobnokrystalicznego gipsu, głównie poprzez gipsyfikację mat organicznych (gipsy trawiaste), (III) depozycję mechaniczną (gipsy mikrokrystaliczne), obejmującą opadanie i osiadanie drobnych kryształów gipsu wytrąconych w tonu wodnej, oraz redepozycję osadu gipsowego. Zróżnicowanie facjalne gipsów Ponidzia wynika przede wszystkim z wahań zasolenia i głębokości basenu oraz wilgotności klimatu.

12

Two possible saline cyclothems in the Badenian evaporites of the Carpathian Foreland Basin

Bąbel M.

Biuletyn Państwowego Instytutu Geologicznego

|

1999

|

nr 387

87--88

13

The roles of calcium deficiency and brine mixing in the origin of Badenian laminated gypsum deposits of the Carpathian Foredeep

Bąbel M.

Biuletyn Państwowego Instytutu Geologicznego

|

1999

|

nr 387

10--12

14

Reconstruction of brine paleocurrents in the Middle Miocene evaporitic basin of the Carpathian Foredeep

Bąbel M., Boguckiy A., Vizna S., Yatsyshyn A.

Biuletyn Państwowego Instytutu Geologicznego

|

1999

|

nr 387

12--13

15

Basin-wide isochronic correlation of the Badenian shallow-water gypsum strata in Ukraine, Poland and the Czech Republic

Bąbel M., Boguckiy A.

Biuletyn Państwowego Instytutu Geologicznego

|

1999

|

nr 387

89--90