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2 2024

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Improved Biodiesel Production Yield Using Coconut Mesocarp-Based Catalyst

Espinoza-Montero José, Rodríguez-Mora Karina, Jirón-García Eddy, Casanova-Treto Pedro, Fernández-Peraza Ana Vivian

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

2024

Vol. 25, iss. 8

358--368

Current concern over the decrease in the use of fossil fuels has led to the study of various options as an alternative to replace them in the transportation and industrial sectors. Different materials, such as agricultural products, lignocellulosic residues, solid wastewater products, and algae, can be used in the production of biochar and, through a sulfonation process, it can be converted it into a heterogeneous acid catalyst. The purpose of this study was employed coconut mesocarp as lignocellulosic biomass feedstock, obtaining sulfonated biochar (BACS), and evaluates its use in biodiesel production, comparing it with a KOH catalyst. The methodology included the pyrolysis of coconut mesocarp and the activation with H2 SO4 for BACS production. BACS was characterized by infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, BET surface area analysis and elemental analysis. The biodiesel obtained by BACS and biodiesel obtained by KOH were compared using international biodiesel standards. An activated sulfonated biochar with a sulfonation percentage of 15.23% was successfully obtained, providing a higher FAME conversion percentage than the KOH catalyst. During the characterization of the biodiesel obtained with both catalysts, it was found that KOH meets the specified standards, while the BACS catalyst requires variations in reaction temperature or blending with diesel to comply with the biodiesel characteristics. Additionally, it was observed that the coconut mesocarp-based catalyst showed a 2.78% reduction after the first working cycle, allowing for its reuse without the need for a new sulfonation process.

Development of Nanocellulose Hydrogels from Sargassum Seaweed as Controlled Nutrient Release Systems and their Application in Germination

Rodríguez-Quesada Jeycob, Rodríguez-Mora Karina, Bernal-Samaniego César A., Jirón-García Eddy G., Rojas-Alvarado Carlos

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

2024

Vol. 25, iss. 11

308--320

Sargassum algae, being able to proliferate without the need to be attached to a substrate, travel through the ocean generating massive stagnations on the Caribbean coasts of the continent, becoming an environmental problem. Because its composition mainly includes polysaccharides, such as cellulose and hemicellulose, these algae were used to produce nanocellulose and create hydrogels to apply to germination. This article aims to develop of nanocellulose hydrogels from Sargassum and study the effect of it adding nanocellulose hydrogels from Sargassum algae loaded with Ca-PO4-and NO3 as nutrients in the germination process. The Sargassum algae used underwent two hydrolysis processes, one basic and one acid, with which it was possible to increase the cellulose content from 25.7 ± 0.42% to 34.05 ± 0.39 after the first hydrolysis and after 90.15 ± 0.44% after the second. Size reduction to nanocellulose was performed employing an ultrasonic homogenizer sonicator. The obtained nanocellulose was characterized using infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and transmission electron microscopy, showing that by the alkaline method, the sizes were between 135–190 nm while by the acid method, the fiber sizes were between 108–163 nm with a difference of 1.04 in the crystallinity index between the two hydrolyses. With the nanocellulose, hydrogels were formed using 5%, 10%, and 15% borax as crosslinking agents. Drying curves and scanning electron microscopy were performed on the hydrogels. Nutrients Ca-PO4 -NO3 were added to the hydrogel and their release in water was studied through Ultraviolet-Visible spectrophotometry, with which it was decided to use the hydrogel containing 10% borax in the germination study. The effect of the hydrogel loaded with nutrients on the germination of bean and linseed seeds employing a complete factorial design 23. Obtaining results that the nutrient with the greatest influence on germination was nitrogen while the nutrient with the least favorable results was the match.