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Ecological and Agrotechnical Aspects of Cultivation of Salvia Sclarea L. Under Conditions of Drip Irrigation in the South of Ukraine

Chaban Victor, Ushkarenko Victor, Markovska Olena, Dudchenko Volodymyr

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2021

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Vol. 22, nr 11

114--119

EN

Salvia sclarea L. is a commercially important crop from the Lamiaceae family, the raw material of which serves as a source of valuable essential oil. Effects of fertilizers, ploughing depth, time of sowing and row spacing on the productivity of nutmeg sage grown under conditions of drip irrigation were investigated in the field experiments conducted on meadow-chestnut residual-saline medium-loam soils of the southern Ukraine. It was found that time of sowing and fertilizer dose had a greater impact on the productivity of sage than row spacing and ploughing depth. Regarding the duration of S. sclarea L. cultivation, it was determined that within the first three years the inflorescence yield ranged from 9.98–10.62 t/ha, and in the fourth year – decreased by 6.8 times, amounting to 0.74–1.74 t/ha. The maximum productivity of the plant was achieved in the second year of cultivation during the winter sowing period with row spacing of 45 cm, ploughing depth of 28–30 cm and dose of N60P90 fertilizer of 15.01 t/ha. With the same ploughing depth and dose of N60P90 fertilizer, high level of productivity, 14.74 t/ha, was also achieved when row spacing of 70 cm was used. Application of mineral fertilizers at doses similar to N60P90 under the main tillage during winter sowing period resulted in 51.1 kg/ha and 51.3 kg/ha yields of essential oil in the first and second years of cultivation, respectively. In the third and fourth years, the yields dropped to 33.3 kg/ha and 8.7 kg/ha or by 35.1% and 83.0%, respectively. During spring sowing period, the yield of essential oil was in the range of 19.2–24.6 kg/ha in the first three years, but in the fourth year – decreased to 6.5 kg/ha or by 73.6%. Therefore, to obtain inflorescence yield of nutmeg sage at the level of 14.5–15.0 t/ha with essential oil yield of 51.0 kg/ha in arid climates, it is recommended to use drip irrigation, row spacing of 45 cm, ploughing depth of 28–30 cm, fertilizer at a dose of N60P90 and sowing time in the first ten-day period of December (winter period).

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Soybean Productivity in Rice Crop Rotation Depending on the Impact of Biodestructor on Post-Harvest Rice Residues

Dudchenko Volodymyr, Markovska Olena, Sydiakina Olena

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2021

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Vol. 22, iss. 6

114--121

EN

The use of biodestructors in agricultural technologies for efficient decomposition of crop residues affects the number and species composition of soil fungi, especially pathogenic species, and as a consequence, plant productivity. However, to date, this issue has not been extensively studied. The purpose of this experiment was to develop an effective method of destruction of post-harvest residues using biological products to realize the productive potential of soybeans in rice crop rotation. The work was conducted on the experimental plots of the Institute of Rice NAAS (Skadovsk district, Kherson region, Ukraine) during 2016–2018. In the experiment, the treatment of post-harvest rice residues with a biodestructor Biocomplex-BTU "Ecostern" (1 l/ha) in combination with concentrated amide water-soluble fertilizer, carbamide (30 kg/ha) was carried out in autumn. Application of carbamide alone (30 kg/ha) was used as a control. "Ecostern" is a concentrated agent, which comprises antagonists of pathogenic microorganisms as well as fungi and bacteria that accelerate decomposition of plant residues. The application of biodestructor Biocomplex-BTU "Ecostern" (1 l/ha) in combination with carbamide increased the total number of pathogenic and saprotrophic fungi in the soil from 65.5 to 80.5 thousand /g of soil or by 22.9%. However, the content of pathogenic microflora under this condition was 21.8% lower compared to the control (30 kg/ha carbamide), and the number of saprotrophs increased 3.3-fold. Following the combined use of biodestructor "Ecostern" and carbamide, the number of antagonist fungi has doubled, while the number of toxin-forming fungi decreased by 9.4%. The yield of soybeans also increased by 0.6 t/ha or by 17.9% compared to the control. The increase in yield was observed due to the higher standing density of plants and the number of beans per plant. Before the harvest, the standing density of soybean plants was 45 pcs/m2, which is 9.7% higher than the control (41 pcs/m2), due to the high level of field germination of seeds. The number of beans was 24 and 28 pieces per plant, exceeding the control by 16.7%, and the weight of 1000 grains was 156.2 g and 157.5 g, which is 0.8% than the control.

3

Statistical yielding models of some irrigated vegetable crops in dependence on water use and heat supply

Vozhehova Raisa, Kokovikhin Sergii, Lykhovyd Pavlo V., Balashova Halyna, Lavrynenko Yuriy, Biliaieva Iryna, Markovska Olena

Journal of Water and Land Development

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2020

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no. 45

190--197

EN

Statistical analysis is helpful for better understanding of the processes which take place in agricultural ecosystems. Particular attention should be paid to the processes of crops’ productivity formation under the influence of natural and anthropogenic factors. The goal of our study was to provide new theoretical knowledge about the dependence of vegetable crops’ productivity on water supply and heat income. The study was conducted in the irrigated conditions of the semi-arid cold Steppe zone on the fields of the Institute of Irrigated Agriculture of NAAS, Kherson, Ukraine. We studied the historical data of productivity of three most common in the region vegetable crops: potato, tomato, onion. The crops were cultivated by using the generally accepted in the region agrotechnology. Historical yielding and meteorological data of the period 1990–2016 were used to develop the models of the vegetable crops’ productivity. We used two approaches: development of pair linear models in three categories (“yield – water use”, “yield – sum of the effective air temperatures above 10°C”); development of complex linear regression models taking into account such factors as total water use, and temperature regime during the crops’ vegetation. Pair linear models of the crops’ productivity showed that the highest effect on the yields of potato and onion has the water use index (R2 of 0.9350 and 0.9689, respectively), and on the yield of tomato – temperature regime (R2 of 0.9573). The results of pair analysis were proved by the multiple regression analysis that revealed the same tendencies in the crop yield formation depending on the studied factors.

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Morphobiological and Biochemical Characteristics of Monarda L. Varieties under Conditions of the Southern Steppe of Ukraine

Dudchenko Volodymyr Viсtorovich, Svydenko Lyudmyla Viсtorivna, Markovska Olena, Sydiakina Olena Viсtorivna

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2020

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Vol. 21, nr 8

99--107

EN

Promising essential oil plants from the Lamiaceae family, the raw materials of which are a source of valuable essential oil for pharmaceutical, perfume, cosmetic and food industries, pertain to the Monarda L genus. The Monarda didyma L. and Monarda fistulosa L. species were first imported to Ukraine from Europe and America in the middle of the twentieth century, and today they are successfully cultivated as decorative, spicy-aromatic and medicinal plants. The purpose of this study was to determine the morphobiological features, valuable economic and selective traits of Monarda didyma, Monarda fistulosa and Monarda × hybrida hort., developed for the arid conditions of the southern steppe of Ukraine at the Institute of Rice of the NAAS. The experimental part of the study was performed in 2016–2018 on southern sandy and medium loam black soils (chernozem) in the state enterprise (SE) “Research farm “Novokakhovske”. The experiment was conducted using field, laboratory, mathematical and statistical methods in accordance with the generally accepted methods and guidelines in Ukraine. The plants of developed varieties undergo a full cycle of development under arid conditions of the southern steppe of Ukraine and are characterised by an increased decorativeness, goodeconomic value, high drought and winter tolerance as well as the resistance to pest damage. Yield, mass fraction and content of essential oil in the aboveground mass of plants were determined. Maximal plant height (120 cm), yield of aboveground mass (18 t/ha), concentration of essential oil (0.8% of crude mass) and thymol content (78.3%) are typical of the variety of Monarda fistulosa, Premiera. The variety of Monarda fistulosa, Fortuna, and variety of Monarda × hybrida hort., Tonya, were inferior to Premiera in all of the above-mentioned indicators but demonstrated increased decorativeness and greater resistance to the fungi causing powdery mildew (Erysiphe monardae, Golovinomyces biocellatus). Therefore, they can be recommended for region-wide cultivation in the agricultural enterprises of the southern steppe of Ukraine as promising essential oil, spice-aromatic and decorative crops. The yield of essential oil from raw materials of Monarda didyma variety, Nizhnist, was lower by 32.9% and 26.8%, while its concentration was lower by 37.5% and 28.6%, compared to the Monarda fistulosa varieties Premiera and Fortuna, respectively.

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Modeling Safflower Seed Productivity in Dependence on Cultivation Technology by the Means of Multiple Linear Regression Model

Vozhehova Raisa, Fedorchuk Mykhailo, Kokovikhin Serhii, Lykhovyd Pavlo, Nesterchuk Vasyl, Mrynskii Ivan, Markovska Olena

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2019

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Vol. 20, nr 4

8--13

EN

The results of the study devoted to the evaluation of reliability of the multiple linear regression model for safflower seed yields prediction were presented. Regression model reliability was assessed by the direct comparison of the modeled yields values with the true ones, which were obtained in the field trials with safflower during 2010-2012. The trials were dedicated to study of the effect of various cultivation technology treatments on the safflower seed productivity at the irrigated lands of the South of Ukraine. The agrotechnological factors, which were investigated in the experiments, include: A – soil tillage: A1 – disking at the depth of 14–16 cm; A2 – plowing at the depth of 20–22 cm; B – time of sowing: B1 – 3rd decade of March; B2 – 2nd decade of April; B3 – 3rd decade of April; C – inter-row spacing: C1 – 30 cm; C2- 45 cm; C3 – 60 cm; D – mineral fertilizers dose: D1 – N0P0; D2 – N30P30; D3 – N60P60; D4 – N90P90. Regression analysis allowed us to create a model of the crop productivity, which looks as follows: Y = –1.3639 + 0.0213Х1 + 0.0017Х2 – 0.0121Х3 + 0.0045Х4, where: Y is safflower seed yields, t ha-1; Х1 – soil tillage depth, cm; Х2 – sum of the positive temperatures above 10°С; Х3 – inter-row spacing, cm; Х4 – mineral fertilizers dose, kg ha-1. A direct comparison of the modeled safflower seed yield values with the true ones showed a very slight inaccuracy of the developed model. The maximum amplitude of the residuals averaged to 0.27 t ha-1. Therefore, we conclude that multiple linear regression analysis can be successfully used in purposes of agricultural modeling.