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EN
Problems of water supply to seaside/resort localities are considered in the paper. The main task is to supply water of proper quality and amount at seasonal fluctuations in the demand. The paper focuses on the operation of water supply systems in the following localities of Central Pomerania: Mielno, Unieście, Mielenko, Sarbinowo, and Chłopy. They are main summer resorts of the region with typical fluctuation in population during the annual cycles affecting the amount of water supply. The atmospheric conditions, mainly temperature, generally affect the magnitude of water demand. The water-pipe system under consideration forms a very interesting technical solution for supplying both administration-industrial agglomeration, that is the municipal system, and localities lying in the seaside strip characteristic. The water intake is located in Mostowo which lies 19 km away from the main city centre of Koszalin.
2
Content available Struktura zużycia wody w budynkach jednorodzinnych
EN
The article presents a structure consumption water 43 single-family buildings located in Koszalin. Research spanned a period of 6 years from 2005 to 2011 r. This scientific description, which contain water meters readings shows, how is water consumption and how uneven it is. Results obtained in the study were compared with results reported by other authors.
3
PL
Tendencja spadkowa zużycia wody utrzymuje się od ok. 1990 roku i mieści w granicach od 30% do 50% w skali miasta, jak i gospodarstwa domowego [1÷4]. Zmniejszające się zużycie wody jest spowodowane między innymi: zastosowaniem nowoczesnej armatury czerpalnej, zwiększającej się liczbie opomiarowanych mieszkań, upowszechnianiem świadomości konsumenta o wartości wody, wzrostem kosztów produkcji 1 m3 wody w efekcie jej ceny. Spadkowa tendencja zużycia wody jest jednym z czynników powodujących występowanie problemów eksploatacyjnych systemów wodociągowych, takich jak redukcja prędkości przepływu wody. W wyniku tego zjawiska zwiększa się czas przebywania wody w przewodzie, co z kolei prowadzi do zmiany jej jakości oraz konieczności intensyfikacji płukania przewodów [7]. W niniejszej pracy przeprowadzono analizę zużycia wody opierając się na miesięcznym zużyciu wody oraz jej ceny za 1 m3
EN
Downward trend of water consumption is maintaining from about 1990. Its value is between 30% to 50% for a city, as well as household. Decreasing water consumption caused by, inter alia: using modem plumbing fittings, increasing number of measured households, dissemination of consumer awareness of the value of water, increase of production cost of 1 m3 of water and in the result its price. Downward trend in water consumption is one of the factors causing the operational problems of water supply systems, such as reduction of water speed. As a result of this phenomenon the residence time of water in the pipe increases, which in turn leads to change in the quality and the need of intensification of pipes flushing. In this paper an analysis of water consumption based on monthly water consumption and its price per m3 has been carried out. Data for analysis were obtained courtesy of Koszalin Housing Association "Nasz Dom". Analysis of water covered the period from March 2006 to December 2008. A multi-family, medium-high (five-floors), with class II sanitary equipment (multi-family buildings where the apartments are equipped with water, sewer, toilet and bathroom, with local unit for heating water) building was examined. The analysis showed a declining trend of water consumption (Fig. 3, Table 2). The average water consumption in the examined building is as follows (Fig. 3, 4, 5, Table 2): in 2006 amounted to 552.2 m3, 2007 - 502.5 m3 and in 2008 amounted to 505.5 m3o Given the price of 1 m3 of water is easy to see that with the increase of price of water (Fig. 1,2) decreases its consumption (Fig. 3). Increase dynamics of water prices in the examined period was as follows (2006 = 100%): in 2007 water prices increased by 11.3%, in 2008 qy 25.7%, and in 2009 by 43.9%. Indicator of unit water consumption in the surveyed building over the examinedperiod was characterized as follows: in 2006 amounted to 137.61 dm3/M'd, in 2007 - 114.37 dm3/M'd, and in 2008 115.06 dm3/M'd (Table 2), and it IS comparable to a standard water consumption, which is 100 dm3/Mźd.
4
Content available Analiza produkcji i zużycia wody w Pile
PL
Od 90-tych lat XX wieku obserwujemy ciągłe zmiany w produkcji i zużyciu wody. Spowodowane jest to różnymi czynnikami, m.in. większą świadomością odbiorcy na temat wartości wody oraz wzrostem ceny 1 m3 zużywanej wody. Orientacyjne wskaźniki zapotrzebowania na wodę w Polsce określa Rozporządzenie Ministra Infrastruktury z dnia 14 stycznia 2002 r. w sprawie określenia przeciętnych norm zużycia wody (Dz. U. Nr 8, poz. 70) [5]. Wielkości zużycia wody zależą od standardu wyposażenia mieszkań poszczególnych odbiorców. Tendencja spadkowa zużycia i produkcji wody jest systematycznie odnotowywana również w innych krajach Europy [2], jednak w Polsce wartości te należą do jednych z najniższych w Europie.
EN
From 90ties of the twentieth century, constant changes in production and consumption of water is observed. It is caused by various factors, including increased awareness of customers about the value of water and increase of price of 1 m3 of consumed water. Downward trend of consumption and production of water is systematically recorded in other European countries, but in Poland, these values are among the lowest in Europe. This paper presents data concerning water production and water consumption in Piła. Pila is a city located on the border of Western Pomerania and Wielkopolska. It covers area of 102.7 km2. Population of Piła reaches approximately 75000. Water for inhabitants of Piła is taken from the water supply network with diameters ranging from 80 to 600 mm, with a total length of 147.1 km (excluding household water connections). Water supply network is made mostly of cast iron pipes (72%). One of the major factors determining the efficiency of water supply in Piła is the age of existing pipelines. Development of the city id followed by expansion of existing water mains, but still the largest share of Pila's pipeline network is constructed before 1945 (35%) (Figure 1). The analysis shows the changes of water consumption are present over the years covered by the research. Decline in production and consumption of water is sharply outlined and is in accordance with downward trend occurring in many Polish cities.The research covered the years 1995-2005 and covered water production for the whole city and water consumption in households. Produkcja wody w badanym okresie ulega corocznym zmianom. Między rokiem 2000 a 2005 różnica w produkcji wody wyniosła 399 tys. m3. W poprzednich pięciu latach, tj. od roku 1995 do roku 2000 różnica produkcji wody wyniosła 1506 tys. m3 (rysunek 2). Water production during the research period changed annually. Between 2000 and 2005 the difference in water production was 399 thousands of m . In the previous five years, that is from 1995 to 2000 difference in water production amounted to 1,506 thousand of m3 (Figure 2).The data of water consumption in the years 1995-2000 shows also drop in consumption of 26.9%, this result is similar to result concerning decrease of water production. While the decrease in water consumption in subsequent studied years (2000-2005) differs from the production of water and amounts to 14.8% (Figure 5). On the basis of the analysis it is possible to state that real water consumption index are much lower in comparison with values that were taken into consideration during water-pipe network design stage. On the basis of obtained data, real values differ from those assumed and in 2005 year. Latest values are 103 dm3/Mday from data of water consumption in households, and 165 dm3/M-day from calculated on the basis of water production.
PL
System gazowniczy, wśród systemów liniowych takich jak zaopatrzenie w wodę, ciepło, energię elektryczną, kanalizacja, telekomunikacja, wyróżnia się koniecznością pozyskania większości medium ze źródeł położonych poza granicami kraju. Charakterystyczną cechą rynków gazowniczych jest wciąż silne scentralizowanie. Odnosi się to zarówno do podaży surowca, importu do Polski, przesyłania gazu, jak również jego magazynowania. W skali europejskiej (jak również światowej) od kilku lat utrzymuje się tendencja szybszego wzrostu popytu na gaz i ropę naftową niż ich podaży, czego efektem jest wzrost cen tak ropy naftowej, jak i gazu ziemnego. Prognozy międzynarodowych ośrodków analitycznych przewidują, że sytuacja taka utrzyma się w przyszłości. Obecnie szacuje się, że światowe udokumentowane zasoby gazu ziem-nego wynoszą (2006 r.) ok. 181,46 bilionów m3 gazu ziemnego, z czego w rejonie Bliskiego Wschodu - 73,47 bilonów m3, w krajach byłego Związku Radzieckiego ok. 58,11 bilionów m3 w krajach Unii Europejskiej ok. 2,43 bilionów m3, a w Polsce ok. 0,10 biliona m3. Przy czym warto podkreślić, że na przestrzeni ostatnich 20 lat, tzn. w latach 1986÷2006 nastąpił znaczny (ok. 70%) przyrost światowych udokumentowanych zasobów gazu, przede wszystkim w krajach Bliskiego Wschodu. Jednakże zarówno w całej Unii, jak i w Polsce ilości te się zmniejszyły.
EN
The gas system, among such linear systems as water supply, heat supply, electric energy supply, sewage systems, telecommunication, is distinguished by the necessity of gaining the majority the medium from sources beyond borders of Poland. Centralization is still strong characteristic gas markets. It concerns both supply of gas, import to Poland, sending the gas, and also its storage. In the European scale (and also in the World scale) for several years there is tendency of quicker growth of demand on gas and petroleum than their supply. The effect of such tendency is growth of prices petroleum and natural gas. The prognoses of international analytic centres foresee that such situation will stay in the future. Currently it is estimated that the World's documented resources of natural gas are approx. 181.46 billions of m3 (for the year 2006). 73.47 billions of m3 are located in the Near East, approx. 58,11 billions of m3 in the countries of former Soviet Union, approx. 2,43 billions of m3 in the countries of European Union, and approx. 0,10 billion m3 in Poland. It is necessary to underline, that during last 20 years, i.e. in the years 1986÷2006 increased considerably (approx. 70%) the World's documented resources of gas, first of all in the countries of Near East. Yet both in whole EU, and in Poland those quantities decreased. The main aim of systems supplying both the individual consumers of gas, as well as objects creating given settlement is to guarantee the possibility as largest degree of energetic safety - measured by guaranteed amount of supplies. The largest requirements in the range of energetic safety are for, obviously, the system working to satisfy demand of the whole state. Analysis of data from accessible literature showed that investigations should be carried out on systems supplying gas Poland. It is purposeful to work out methods (technical solutions) allowing to analyse work of the gas supply system in Poland. In the paper the selected problems concerning the operating reliability of gas systems are presented. Some data concerning existent world resources of natural gas and its consumption in global system are given. The variability of gas demand by the country consumers of services in the system of characteristic time intervals have been illustrated. The directions of action and factors having an essential effect on the improvement possibilities in the energetic safety of country are delivered.
PL
Wodomierze to urządzenia służące do pomiaru objętości przepływającej wody. Na podstawie licznych aktów prawnych [1, 2, 3] wodomierze podlegają kontroli metrologicznej (w ramach zatwierdzenia typu, legalizacji pierwotnej i ponownej). W instalacjach wodociągowych stosuje się wodomierze wirnikowe, które dzielą się na wodomierze skrzydełkowe i śrubowe. Wodomierze skrzydełkowe przeznaczone są do pomiaru małych objętości wody i były budowane o średnicach nominalnych od DN=15 mm do DN=40 mm, obecnie są także wytwarzane o średnicy DN=50 mm. Wodomierze śrubowe przeznaczone są do pomiaru większych objętości wody i mają średnice od DN > 50 mm. W instalacjach wodociągowych stosowane są wodomierze skrzydełkowe w całym zakresie średnic oraz wodomierze śrubowe do DN 150 mm, ponadto wodomierze o średnicach od DN 200 do DN 400 mm stosowane są w stacjach wodociągowych. Najczęściej w budownictwie mieszkaniowym montuje się wodomierze mieszkaniowe skrzydełkowe, charakteryzujące się następującymi strumieniami (które wyznaczają charakterystyczne przedziały błędu pomiarowego w zależności od wielkości przepływu - rys. 1) [5, 10]
EN
The paper presents analysis of water consumption in multi-family buildings located in the Koszalin Housing Association "Nasz Dom". Analysis was made for the period of quarterly accounts from May 2005 till December 2008. Investigations were conducted for 3 multi-family buildings. During analysis of water consumption, exchange of main water meters was taken into account. The growth of water consumption measured on main water meter was noticed after the exchange of measuring devices. But the change of total consumption measured by flat water meters was not noticeable. Analysis shows also, that difference between readings from flat water metres and main water meters was within the range of admissible values of differences. In buildings at Karłowicza 5A-B this difference was 2.55%, at 4 Marca 16-16A 8.12%and at Zwycięstwa 186 11.97%. Such situation proves that main water meters we (aswell as flat water meters) were selected correctly and properly installed. During analysis of water consumption in selected multi-family buildings control measurement of water meters was not taken into account, because of the lack of the possibility to conduct such measurements. Authors recommend that every Housing Association, as the administrator squaring up occupants for water consumed, should carry out systematic analyses of water consumption in order to control differences of indications between main and flat water meters. When such difference is too high Housing Association should makedecision about evaluation, repair or exchange of the water meter.
PL
W związku z zaobserwowanym systematycznym zmniejszaniem się zużycia wody wodociągowej w Polsce, począwszy od roku 1990, rozpoczęto badania w tym zakresie dla różnych jednostek organizacyjnych, zużywających wodę wodociągową. Jednocześnie przepustowość komunalnych urządzeń w wielu przypadkach okazała się zbyt duża w stosunku do rzeczywistego zapotrzebowania na wodę, co powodowało wzrost kosztów eksploatacyjnych i niekorzystne zmiany w jakości dostarczanej wody [2, 3]. Wyżej wymieniona tendencja spadkowa zużycia wody utrudnia także właściwe programowanie przyszłych potrzeb w zakresie zaopatrzenia w wodę, jak też w odprowadzania i unieszkodliwiania ścieków.
EN
The analysis of water consumption was based on the record of daily water records intake, carried out at urban aggreate No 1 of the Housing Estate KSM "Przylesie" in Koszalin with 118 inhabitants, during 3 years: 2006, 2007 and 2008. Basing on recorded water consumption and special conditions comparative analysis of individual. water consumption in dm3/inhabitantźday for each month and average unit water consumption for years 2006, 2007 and 2008 has been conducted. Due to increase of price of supplied water in 2007, year unit water consumption by inhabitats dropped to 112 dm3/inhabitantźday, but in last three months of 2007, due to change of metod of hot water supply (from local to central) value dropped dramatically to 100 dm3/inhabitantźday. This change was caused by increase of price of water supplied centrally and installation water meters in all flats. Comparing average year unit water consumption index in 2007 with index from 2006, its 3% decrease is noted. Through the whole year 2008 hot water was supplied centrally. Average year unit water consumption index decreased 15% in comparison to 2007. The results of the above research has confirmed early downward trend at present time in the water consumption, mainly due to: methods of hot water preparation, progressing increase of the water price, increase range of the individual water consumption measurement. Unit water consumption index is Lower than data from literature, which are assumed during designing [1]. The above results should be taken into consideration for the future programming of the water consumption rate for the small housing estates, particularly at present progressing financial and economic crisis. There is certain limit of minimum water consumption, which Carnot be crossed in order to maintain proper standard of living of modern human being. It is hard to determine that limit today. It will be possible to find it out continuing investigations during financial and economical crisis.
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