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Trendy przyszłości jako źródła zagrożeń w zarządzaniu bezpieczeństwem ekonomicznym państwa

Kowalski Rafał

Studia Bezpieczeństwa Narodowego

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2024

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R. 14, Nr 31

57--81

PL

W artykule podjęto próbę dyskusji nad obszarem zarządzania zagrożeniami bezpieczeństwa ekonomicznego państwa, w szczególności w kontekście identyfikacji źródeł zagrożeń wynikających z trendów przyszłości, co jest celem niniejszej pracy. Główny problem badawczy został określony w formie pytania: który z trendów przyszłości może mieć wpływ na podstawowe kategorie zagrożeń bezpieczeństwa ekonomicznego państwa, a więc który z tych trendów jest źródłem wspomnianych zagrożeń. Jako problemy szczegółowe określono zbadanie obecnej sytuacji w literaturze naukowej wraz z zakresem definicyjnym zagadnienia oraz interpretacja otrzymanych wyników. Nawiązując do problemów badawczych wysnuto hipotezę, iż większa część trendów przyszłości ma lub może mieć wpływ na bezpieczeństwo ekonomiczne państwa. Hipoteza ta została oparta o analizę autora w zakresie wpływu danego trendu na badany obszar - dokonano uporządkowania, w którym określono czy dany trend przyszłości ma wpływ na wybrany wymiar bezpieczeństwa ekonomicznego państwa oraz w oparciu o analizę badań naukowych. W pracy zastosowano wymienione metody badawcze: analizę literatury i dokumentów źródłowych wraz z definiowaniem terminów, ocenę i analizę badanych czynników, syntezę - utworzenie i interpretacja danych, metody dedukcji i indukcji w celu znalezienia odpowiedzi na pytania badawcze. W artykule zaprezentowano wnioski, z których wynika, że niektóre z trendów przyszłości faktycznie mają lub mogą mieć wpływ na bezpieczeństwo ekonomiczne państwa, niekiedy na więcej niż jedną kategorię tegoż wymiaru bezpieczeństwa. Niektóre trendy przyszłości nie są związane z bezpieczeństwem, a więc nie dotyczą przedmiotu badań. Są też trendy przyszłości, które redukują zagrożenia, można więc powiedzieć, że w zarządzaniu przedmiotowym zagadnieniem stanowią szansę.

EN

The article attempts to discuss the area of managing threats to the economic security of a state, particularly in the context of identifying sources of threats arising from future trends, which is the aim of this work. The main research problem is formulated in the form of a question: which of the future trends may impact the fundamental categories of threats to the economic security of a state, and thus, which of these trends is the source of the mentioned threats. Specific issues include examining the current state of the scientific literature along with the definitional scope of the issue and the interpretation of the obtained results. In addressing the research problems, a hypothesis was formulated suggesting that a significant portion of future trends has or may have an impact on the economic security of the state in the future. This hypothesis was based on the author's analysis of the influence of a given trend on the studied area, categorizing whether a specific future trend affects a chosen dimension of the economic security of the state, and on the analysis of scientific research. The study employed various research methods, including the analysis of literature and source documents along with term definitions, evaluation and analysis of studied factors, synthesis - creating and interpreting data, deduction and induction methods to find answers to research questions. The conclusions presented in the article indicate that some future trends indeed have or may have an impact on the economic security of the state, sometimes on more than one category of this security dimension. Some future trends are not related to security and, therefore, are not the subject of the study. There are also future trends that reduce threats, so it can be said that they represent opportunities in managing the subject matter.

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New floras from the Tetta Clay Pit, Upper Lusatia, late Oligocene–Early Miocene, Germany

Kowalski Rafał, Tietz Olaf, Worobiec Elżbieta, Worobiec Grzegorz

Annales Societatis Geologorum Poloniae

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2024

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Vol. 94, No. 1

19--–59

EN

One hundred and nine taxa of carpological remains, 3 taxa of leaves, and 103 taxa of sporomorphs are identified from the late Oligocene to Early Miocene deposits at the Tetta Clay Pit, eastern Germany. Palynological analysis was performed for the first time for this site. Among the carpological remains, 82 taxa are documented for the first time for this site, including two new fossil-genera (Paranothotsuga Kowalski gen. nov., Pterosinojackia Kowalski gen. nov.), and one new fossil-species (Sparganium tuberculatum Kowalski sp. nov.). New combinations are also introduced (Paranothotsuga jechorekiae (Czaja) Kowalski n. comb., Magnolia germanica (Mai) Kowalski n. comb., and Morella stoppii (Kirchheimer) Kowalski n. comb.). Discovered microremains of Pesavis tagluensis fungus extend the age range of the sedimentary sequence from the previously suggested Middle Miocene to at least the latest Oligocene. Two biostratigraphic units, the Rott-Thierbach and Wiesa-Eichelskopf floristic complexes are recognized for the first time in Tetta. Beech forests are indicated as the most common vegetation type. All of these fossil assemblages evidence a warm temperate climate, but a shift toward a warmer subtropical climate is inferred in the uppermost part of the studied profile.

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Alternative Security of the Combat Readiness Recovery Using 3D Printing and Reverse Engineering

Augustyn Sławomir, Kowalski Rafał

Safety & Defense

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2023

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2

40--51

EN

Disrupting spare parts supply chains can harm the smooth running of an organization. In the case of military vehicles, weapons or other types of equipment used on the battlefield, this is a serious threat that may result in the inability to continue some tactical operations. An ad hoc way to maintain the ability to take action while the appropriate spare parts are delivered and to improve damaged devices may be to produce the damaged components locally. Such a temporary solution is possible for relatively simple elements whose structure, mechanical properties and principle of operation can be determined on a reverse engineering basis. This article describes the concept of alternative solutions for temporarily repairing damaged devices by producing spare parts in mobile specialized production subunits. This paper characterizes the types of 3D printing, contemporary examples of use in foreign armies, priorities of international alliances related to 3D printing, and a case study of repairing an unmanned aircraft by means of 3D printing. Using the experience and knowledge of foreign armies, adapting the possibilities of 3D printing applications to one's own needs, defining legal regulations and creating properly equipped subunits makes it possible to implement the presented concept. Creating conditions for implementing the described concept facilitates the production of a suitable product range in peace, crisis or conflict situations, which may significantly contribute to increasing the level of readiness of the national defense systems.

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A New Approach to Modelling and Testing the Fatigue Strength of Helicopter Rotor Blades during Repair Process

Sałaciński Michał, Kowalski Rafał, Szmidt Michał, Augustyn Sławomir

Fatigue of Aircraft Structures

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2019

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Iss. 11

56--67

EN

The fatigue test was carried out on an element of a rotor blade removed from the Mi-2 helicopter. The purpose of the test was to check the fatigue strength of the repaired rotor blade. Metal composite rotor blades have a metal spar in the form of a box and the trailing sections in the form of metallic honeycomb sandwich panels. The trailing sections are bonded to the spar. The repair had been carried out at the point where the trailing section became debonded from the spar at the Air Force Institute of Technology in Warsaw using a methodology developed for carrying out repairs of rotor blades’ damage. All types of the Mi family helicopters are equipped with metal composite rotors blades. Depending on MTOW (Maximum Take-Off Weight) and destination of helicopters, blades differ in dimensions, but their design solutions are practically the same. For this reason, the developed repair methodology can be used for all characteristic rotor blades structures for Mi helicopters. The fatigue test was performed at the Łukasiewicz - Institute of Aviation in Warsaw, using a hydraulically driven fatigue machine. The fatigue test was carried out by performing over 1.1 million load cycles. In repair places, upon completion of fatigue testing, no damage was found.