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Treatment Ability and Community Responses of Candung as an Appropriate Technology to Maintain Irrigation Water Quality

Sumantra I. Ketut, Widnyana I. Ketut, Wijaya I. Made Wahyu, Bouchama Khaled

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 24, nr 6

348--365

EN

With the burgeoning population, the community activities, such as laundering, washing, or even bathing, have expanded along the irrigation canal. Consequently, some chemicals from those activities are released and pollute the water body. Besides, the discharge of wastewater into the irrigation system is also an issue of public health concern, because it creates an environment conducive to the reproduction of any pathogenic agent. Using candung as constructed wetlands (CW)-like to treat the irrigation water in rice paddies would be an interesting tool for removing pollutants from the irrigation water. Candung, as a locally used CW in Bali Island, has been applied in the rice field long time ago. The present study aimed to examine candung as a local attached CW or treating irrigation water and analyse the community awareness regarding the candung application. The result showed a positive effect of candung in maintaining the water quality parameters, such as TSS, BOD, COD, and nutrients with certain aquatic plants (Nelumbo nucifera, Nymphaea tetragona, and Pistia stratiotes). The knowledge, behaviour, and action of the local subak community were still limited, whereas they had positive perceptions and responses about candungthe potential of candung as an agrotourism attraction in the village as well.

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Refuse Derived Fuel Potential Production from Temple Waste as Energy Alternative Resource in Bali Island

Wijaya I. Made Wahyu, Wiratama I. Gusti Ngurah Made, Putra I. Kadek Ardi, Aris Azmi

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 24, nr 4

288--296

EN

The leakage of temple waste in the environment surrounding the temples has made the image of temples not only a cultural icon but also a contributor to landfill waste on the island. About 292.36 kg of temple waste is generated from a single ceremonial at Griya Anyar Tanah Kilap Temple. The temple waste consists of 90,16% of organic waste (food, leaf and discarded flower) that is easily biodegraded. This research aimed to examine the temple waste to be recycled into Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF). Leaf and flower waste are used as RDF material using two different drying methods, namely natural drying and pyrolysis. The results showed that the pyrolysis RDF has a similar caloric value to the natural drying RDF with 3311.7 kcal/kg and 2912.7 kcal/kg, respectively. According to the electrical power potential, pyrolysis RDF has 3856.19 kWh/tons, meanwhile natural drying RDF has 3391.59 kWh/tons. The pyrolysis RDF has less organic content and quite higher ash content than the natural drying RDF, making it better quality and appropriate to be applied in the community for a long-term sustainable temple waste recycling.

3

Unlocking the Energy Potential of Temple Waste and Coconut Fiber through Refuse-Derived Fuel Production toward Sustainable Energy

Wijaya I. Made Wahyu, Wiratama I. Gusti Ngurah Made, Putra I. Kadek Ardi, Atmaja Ni Putu Cempaka Dharmadewi

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2023

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Vol. 24, iss. 7

19--29

EN

Organic temple waste has the potential to be used as biomass-based fuel, with a 90% composition of biodegradable waste consisting of leaves, flowers, fruit, and food scraps. To minimize environmental impact, proper management efforts are necessary to handle the temple waste and produce a valuable product. An alternative method for dealing with organic waste includes producing fuel from biomass which is refuse-derived fuel (RDF). This would not only create a new product for waste wages but also prevent them from ending up as waste in the landfill. The current research aimed to investigate the characteristics of organic temple waste and coconut fiber as RDF material and its potential to replace coal use. The RDF was produced from temple waste using leaf and flower components combined with coconut fiber as the primary ingredients. The material was dried, ground, and produced into powder form before it was analyzed in terms of its characteristics. RDF made from temple waste has best result among coconut fibre and the both mixture with above 4800 kcal/kg. It belongs to class 2 solid fuels based on their characteristics, according to the National Standard for biomass-based fuel. Furthermore, the RDF still needs to be improved for industrial scale and requirement. Product durability test has shown good result for the temple waste material comparing with coconut fibre and coal. The study showed that temple waste and coconut fibre are promising to be processed into RDF as coal substitution in the combustion process.