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Synthesis and Characterization of Hydroxyapatite/Titania Composite and Its Application on Photocatalytic Degradation of Remazol Red B Textile Dye Under UV Irradiation

Sukarta I. Nyoman, Sastrawidana I. Dewa Ketut

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2024

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Vol. 25, iss. 2

178--189

EN

This research was conducted to synthesize and characterize hydroxyapatite-titania (HA/TiO2) composites and test their photocatalytic degradation activity on the remazol red RB textile dye. The chemical precipitation method was utilized to produce hydroxyapatite (HA) based on the conversion of calcium carbonate presented in sea mussel shells into calcium oxide with a calcination temperature of 1000°C for 2 hours and then followed by the addition of phosphorous acid at pH medium of 11 and sintered at 700°C to obtain an HA crystal. The HA/TiO2 composite at variation weight of HA and TiO2 ratio were prepared with hydrothermal technique and characterized by the FTIR spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and scanning electron with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. A total of 250 mL of 50 mg/L Remazol red RB dye solution was photocatalytically removed using a HA/TiO2 composite irradiated with 25 Watt UV light and using the adsorption method. Characterization results using FTIR, XRD, and SEM-EDX show that the synthesized hydroxyapatite (HA) has a degree of crystallinity of 68% with a Ca/P ratio of 1.66. The highest degradation efficiency of 250 mL of remazol red RB with a concentration of 50 mg/L was achieved at 94.22% in 2 hours of contact time by a photocatalysis treatment employing the HA/TiO2 composite at a ratio of 1:1 in comparison to only 92.23% removal by the HA adsorption process.

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Proximate Analysis and Calorific Value of Fuel Briquettes from Wood and Coffee Skins Biomass as a Renewable Energy Source

Sukarta I. Nyoman, Sastrawidana I. Dewa Ketut, Suyasa I. Wayan Budiarsa

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2023

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Vol. 24, iss. 8

293--300

EN

One of the fuels made from biomass are Charcoal briquettes. The biomass used in this study was coffee husk and coffee wood. This study aims to find out the ratio of coffee husk and coffee wood that accordance the briquette standards of the Minister of Energy and Mineral Resources (ESDM) and (Indonesian Nasional Standard) SNI 01-6235-2000. In this research, a comparison was made between coffee fruit skin charcoal and coffee wood charcoal with a ratio of 100:0 (KK1), 75:25 (KK2), 50:50 (KK3), 25:75 (KK4), 0:100 (KK5). The resulting briquettes were tested for their proximate value using a furnace, for the calorific value they were tested using a boom calorimeter. Apart from that, a combustion rate test was also carried out by burning briquettes in a combustion furnace. The results of the analysis of proximate obtained were water content of the briquettes ranging from 3.39–5.91%, all of which in accordance with SNI and also which in accordance with the regulation of ESDM, the ash content that which in accordance with SNI was KK4 and KK5, namely 6.71% respectively. and 6.47% and those that comply with the ESDM Ministerial Regulation are KK3, KK4 and KK5 with ash content values of 9.62%, 6.71% and 6.47% respectively. Meanwhile, the volatile matter value ranges from 32.31–35.59%, not yet accordance with SNI. for fixed carbon values ranging from 50.1–54.55%, this also does not accordance with SNI. However, for the calorific value of 4536–6723 Cal/g, all of them meet the ESDM Ministerial Regulation, and those that accordance with SNI is KK2, KK3, KK4 and KK5 with calorific values of 5650, 5821, 5866 and 6723 Cal/g respectively. Meanwhile, the combustion rate ranges from 0.341 to 0.711 g/min. Coffee husk waste combined with coffee wood has the potential to be used as fuel briquettes where the KK4 composition has water content, ash content and calorific value that meets SNI and ESDM regulations, even though the volatile matter and fixed carbon values do not yet meet.

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Biodegradation of Turquoise Blue Textile Dye by Wood Degrading Local Fungi Isolated from a Plantation Area

Sudiana I Ketut, Citrawathi Desak Made, Sastrawidana I Dewa Ketut, Maryam Siti, Sukarta I Nyoman, Wirawan Gede Agus Hendra

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2022

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Vol. 23, nr 7

205--214

EN

This research aimed to investigate the potential screening of wood degrading fungi to degrade the textile dye. Nine fungi were selected based on their ability to remove the turquoise blue textile dye on liquid potatoes dextrose médium. The fungi which have a high color removal efficiency were identified and analyzed qualitatively in terms of the manganese peroxidase and lignin peroxidase enzymes and their enzyme activity was determined. The selected fungi were investigated for their ability to degrade turquoise blue under variations in pH, dye concentration, and contact time. The results showed that three of the nine strains of wood-degrading local fungi, identified as Trametes hirsuta, Microporus xanthopus, and Ganoderma applanatum, were able to degrade textile dye. The color removal efficiency of dye treatment was monitored under the initial pH, dye concentration, and contact time variation. The study analyzed that the optimal color removal efficiency of the turquoise blue textile dye with a concentration of 30 mg/L in an aqueous solution was achieved at 78.50 and 85.84% at pH 6 for Microporus xanthopus and Ganoderma applanatum, while the color removal efficiency was 82.17% at pH 5 for Trametes hirsuta with seven days of incubation time.

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Adsorption Kinetic and Isotherm Studies of Reactive Red B Textile Dye Removal Using Activated Coconut Leaf Stalk

Sudiana I. Ketut, Sastrawidana I. Dewa Ketut, Sukarta I. Nyoman

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2022

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Vol. 23, iss. 5

61--71

EN

Textile wastewater has become one of the serious environmental problems due to containing a high concentration of chemicals with extreme color intensity. Reactive red RB is among the synthetic azo dyes commonly used as a textile colorant with their property are very difficult to degrade naturally. This research was focused on studying the kinetic behavior, and adsorption isotherm of reactive red RB textile dye on coconut leaf stalk activated carbon (CLSC). Coconut leaf stalk carbon was activated using sulphuric acid and sodium hydroxide. It was investigated in terms of chemical functional groups, surface morphology, carbon content, ash content, and adsorption efficiency of reactive red RB textile dye under various conditions of initial pH, incubation time, and dye concentration. The results showed the maximum adsorption efficiency of reactive red RB dye with a concentration dye of 60 mg/l onto CLSC surface activated by sulfuric acid and sodium hydroxide in an experiment carried out at pH 5 for 120 min were 88.73% and 64.27%, respectively. The adsorption isotherm of reactive red RB on the CLSC surface follows the Langmuir isotherm model, which shows that the adsorption process occurs monolayer. In contrast, the adsorption kinetics correspond to pseudo-second-order.

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Utilization of Khamir (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) as Adsorbent of Remazol Red RB Textile Dyes

Sukarta I Nyoman, Ayuni Ni Putu Sri, Sastrawidana I Dewa Ketut

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2021

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Vol. 22, iss. 1

117--123

EN

Adsorption is considered the most efficient and simple method that requires low costs. In this study, firstly, yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) was used to adsorption the Remazol Red RB dyes to analyze the efficiency of yeast as an adsorbent of textile dyes as well as determine the particle size, pH, and optimum contact time. Testing of the particle size parameters was done with variations of 100, 170, and 200 mesh size. The optimum conditio was obtained in the particle size variation amounting to 200 mesh size with efficiency %E of 56.49%. Subsequent testing was conducted with variations in pH (5.6, 7, 8, and 9). The optimum condition was obtained at pH 6 with efficiency %E of 60.35%. The dyestuffs were conquerable with variations in time of 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 hours, the largest %E gained was 90.01% throughout 4 hours. Secondly, the research also aimed at identifying the isotherm adsorption pattern. Adsorption in Remazol Red RB dyes fulfilled the isotherm pattern of Langmuir with a correlation coefficient R2 of 0.9521 and the maximum capacity of the yeast adsorption of 0.07 mg/g. Further research is expected to expand the analysis variation and the type of textile dyes used which can be applied to the actual textile dyes waste.