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1
Content available Time - and space - resolved measurements of high - energy ion beams emitted from PF - type discharges
Kwiatkowski R., Sadowski M. J., Skladnik-Sadowska E., Zebrowski J., Malinowski K., Czaus K., Garkusha I. E.
Nukleonika
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2012
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Vol. 57, No. 2
211-214
EN
The paper presents experimental studies of the spatial-microstructure and temporal-characteristics of fast ion beams, which are emitted from high-current plasma-focus (PF) discharges performed within the PF-360 facility at National Centre for Nuclear Research (NCBJ) at Otwock/Świerk, Poland. The spatial structure of the ion beams was investigated by means of pinhole cameras equipped with solid-state nuclear track detectors shielded by absorption filters made of Al-foils of different thickness. In order to perform time-resolved measurements there were applied miniature scintillation detectors placed at different points of the ion-image plane.
2
Content available Research on spatial and energetic characteristics of the ion beams emitted in the PF - 360 discharges
Kwiatkowski R., Skladnik-Sadowska E., Malinowski K., Sadowski M. J., Czaus K., Zebrowski J., Garkusha I. E.
Nukleonika
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2012
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Vol. 57, No. 1
67-74
EN
Experimental results are presented on the spatial structure and energetic characteristics of the fast ion beams produced by high-current discharges in a PF-360 device operated at the National Centre for Nuclear Research (NCBJ, Otwock/Świerk, Poland). The 105 kJ discharges were initiated at the initial deuterium pressure around p0 = 6 hPa and were powered from a 234 miF capacitor bank charged up to 30 kV. The spatial structure of the ion beams was recorded using pinhole cameras equipped with the solid-state nuclear track detectors of the PM-355 type, placed at two different angles (0 centigrade, 45 centigrade) relative to the discharge axis. The detectors were shielded by thin absorption filters made of pure Al foils of various thickness, which made it possible to record only ions with energies exceeding a chosen threshold value. Similarly as in other plasma focus (PF) experiments, energies of the emitted ions ranged from about 30 keV to about 3 MeV, i.e. they were much higher than the voltage applied to the electrodes. The recorded ion images showed a complex spatial structure of the fast ion beams, which consisted of many micro-beams of different energies. It is possible that these beams were emitted by various local micro-sources (e.g. plasma micro-diodes) the were formed inside the PF pinch column.
3
Content available Estimation of ISTTOK runaway - electrons energies by means of a Cherenkov - type probe with modified AlN radiators
Jakubowski L., Plyusnin V. V., Sadowski M. J., Zebrowski J., Malinowski K., Rabiński M., Fernandes H., Silva C., Duarte P., Jakubowski M.
Nukleonika
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2012
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Vol. 57, No. 2
177-181
EN
Measurements of fast electrons, as performed during recent few years in small tokamaks, demonstrated that detectors based on the Cherenkov effect are very useful tools for such studies. The modernized measuring heads, which were equipped with miniature aluminum-nitride (AlN) radiators, enabled to determine locations and instants of the fast electrons emission and to estimate their energy. A comparison of four measuring channels showed that in ISTTOK the most important role was played by electrons of energy less than 90 keV.
4
Content available Measurements of electron and ion beams emitted from the PF-1000 device in the upstream and downstream direction
Kwiatkowski R., Skladnik-Sadowska E., Malinowski K., Sadowski M. J., Czaus K., Zebrowski J., Karpinski L., Paduch M., Scholz M., Garkusha I. E., Kubeš P.
Nukleonika
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2011
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Vol. 56, No. 2
119-123
EN
In this paper we report on measurements of the energy spectra and other properties of the electron and fast ion beams emitted in the upstream and downstream direction along the z-axis of a large plasma focus device PF-1000, that was operated at 21-27 kV, delivering 290–480 kJ pulse. Measurements of the electron beam (EB) properties were performed using a magnetic analyzer. Properties of the ion beams were measured by means of pinhole cameras equipped with PM-355 nuclear track detectors and placed at various angles (0, 60 and 180 centigrade) to the discharge axis. Measurements revealed a complex spatial structure of the fast ion beams. The ion measurements behind the PF-1000 collector proved that some fast deuterons are emitted also in the upstream direction. Measurements of the EBs emitted in the upstream and downstream direction revealed electron energies in the range from approximately 40 keV to approximately 800 keV. These spectra confirm that in localized regions within the PF-1000 plasma column there appear strong fields accelerating charged particles in different directions along the discharge axis.
5
Content available Studies of Plasma-Focus discharges within the PF-360 facility equipped with a planar D2O-ice target
Zebrowski J., Baranowski J., Jakubowski L., Sadowski M.
Nukleonika
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2001
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Vol. 46, suppl. 1
65--68
EN
The paper reports on investigations of dense magnetized plasmas produced within a modernized PF-360 facility, which was operated with an additional planar cryogenic target placed in the front of the electrode outlet and covered with D2O-ice layers. The main aim of these studies was to overcome the neutron saturation effect and to increase the maximum neutron yield from PF discharges by using fast deuteron beams. Such beams are usually emitted from a pinch region and can produce fast neutrons from D-D reactions during their interactions with the additional target.
6
Content available Studies of Plasma-Focus discharges within the PF-360 facility equipped with needle D2O-ice target
Baranowski J., Jakubowski L., Sadowski M., Zebrowski J.
Nukleonika
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2001
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Vol. 46, suppl. 1
69--71
EN
The paper describes a new technique which has been investigated in order to overcome the neutron saturation effect and to increase the neutron yield from the plasma-focus (PF) discharges [1]. The PF-360 experimental facility was constructed at the Andrzej Soltan Institute for Nuclear Studies (IPJ) in Swierk, Poland in the late 70s [4, 5]. Recently in order to improve the neutron yield from the PF-360 machine, it was proposed to use a cryogenic deuterium target, which might be placed within the plasma-focus region. For this purpose, we have been made a needle-like cryogenic target covered with a thin „heavy-ice“ layer. A considerable increase in the average neutron yield (from 1.7×1010 to about 2.2×1010 neutrons/shot) has been achieved for 122 kJ PF discharges when the needle target top was placed at a distance of about 100 mm from the electrode ends.
7
Content available Investigation of Plasma Focus discharges in the PF-360 facility with additional D2 gaspuffed targets
Stanislawski J., Baranowski J., Sadowski M., Zebrowski J.
Nukleonika
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2001
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Vol. 46, suppl. 1
73--75
EN
The paper describes experimental studies of Plasma-Focus (PF) discharges carried out within the modernized PF- 360 facility, which was operated with an additional D2-gas puffing into the region of the collapsing current sheath and PF pinch formation, i.e. into space in front of the electrode outlet. The main aim of these studies was to increase a neutron yield from PF discharges by using fast deuteron beams, which are usually emitted from a pinch column and which can interact with additional D2-gas target.
8
Content available Anisotropy of the neutron emission from PF-360 facility operated without and with solid-state targets
Czaus K., Baranowski J., Sadowski M., Skladnik-Sadowska E., Zebrowski J.
Nukleonika
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2001
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Vol. 46, suppl. 1
77--80
EN
The paper reports on detailed studies of an anisotropy of the fusion-produced neutrons emitted from the modernized PF-360 facility [10], which has been operated with a pure deuterium-gas filling, without and with some additional solidstate targets containing deuterium atoms. Under standard operational conditions, anisotropy of the neutron yield from the PF-360 facility is similar to that observed in other PF devices. For the first time the neutron emission anisotropy has been measured in the PF experiments performed with a planar cryogenic target covered with a heavy-ice (D2O) layer. Changes in the Yn(Φ)/Yn(90°) ratio, particularly for angles Φ = 0–60°, have been explained by the known features of the angular distribution of fast deuterons.
9
Content available Comparison of characteristics of pulsed ion beams emitted from different small PF devices
Sadowski M., Skladnik-Sadowska E., Baranowski J., Zebrowski J., Kelly H., Lepone A., Marquez A., Milanese M., Moroso R., Pouzo J.
Nukleonika
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2000
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Vol. 45, nr 3
179-184
EN
The paper concerns studies of pulsed ion beams emitted from different small-energy (5–50 kJ) devices of the plasma focus (PF) type. Emission characteristics of the ion beams as measured with nuclear track detectors (NTDs), Faraday-type collectors (FC), and Thomson-type analyzers, are summarized. Common features of the ion emission are considered and some differences are discussed.
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