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The effect of temperature on the biodegradation of different types of packaging materials under test conditions

Poluszyńska Joanna, Ciesielczuk Tomasz, Biernacki Marcin, Paciorkowski Maciej

Archives of Environmental Protection

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2021

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Vol. 47, no. 4

74--83

EN

The development of civilization contributed to the exponential growth in the production of plastics. Policy of the, so-called, “European Green Deal” places particular emphasis on reducing the use of plastics through various mechanisms, including their reuse, recycling and, in particular, the development of new biodegradable and compostable plastics. In order to check if plastics are suitable for biodegradability and compostability they must undergo a series of tests in accordance with applicable standards. The biodegradation test procedures are very general and allow for the use of different temperatures of the biodegradation process in the test. The aim of the research was to evaluate the influence of temperature on the biodegradation process of selected packaging materials. The obtained results show a significant influence of the temperature of the biodegradation process of all 3 tested types of packaging materials: oxy-biodegradable, corn starch and paper. Statistically significant differences in the biodegradation rate of the tested packaging materials were demonstrated in as low as 40°C, despite the low intensity of the process. As the process temperature increased to 45 and 50°C, a statistically significant increase in CO2 productions was recorded. CO2 is produced by the degradation of polymers and is an indicator for this process. At 50°C, the highest decomposition rate, resulting in the highest CO2 production, was recorded in the case of corn starch films. Oxy-biodegradable material showed worst degradation potential what excludes it from composting processes.

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The content of heavy metal ions in ash from waste incinerated in domestic furnaces

Poluszyńska Joanna

Archives of Environmental Protection

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2020

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Vol. 46, no. 2

68--73

EN

The article presents the results of preliminary tests obtained from the analysis of ash coming from the combustion of various types of waste in household furnaces. The aim of this work was to examine the influence of various types of waste burned in household furnaces on the elemental composition of the generated ash. As part of the research, analyses of ash generated from the incineration of mixed waste, plastics, wood, textiles, rubber waste and paper were made. The content of selected metal ions: Mn, Cu, Mo, Zn, Cd, Tl, Cr, Co, Ni, As, Sn, Sb, Pb, V was determined in the tested samples, according to PN-EN ISO 17294-2: 2016-11 standard. The highest concentrations of zinc were found in the large-sized waste, rubber and textile ash samples and highest concentrations of copper were found in the plastic and paper ash samples. The highest concentrations for elements such as copper, lead, cobalt and chromium were recorded for samples of rubber and large-sized waste containing e.g. varnished furniture boards. The obtained results showed that depending on the waste incinerated, the content of selected metals was significantly different, and the highest concentrations were noted for samples of large-sized waste, waste from segregated plastics and waste from rubbers.

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Biowęgiel jako środek polepszający właściwości gleby

Poluszyńska Joanna, Ślęzak Ewelina, Wieczorek Piotr P.

Przemysł Chemiczny

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2019

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T. 98, nr 1

98--105

PL

Przedstawiono główne kierunki wykorzystania biowęgla jako produktu beztlenowej niskotemperaturowej pirolizy biomasy. Omówiono najważniejsze parametry jakościowe, jakimi musi cechować się biowęgiel przeznaczony do zastosowania w agrotechnice. Autorzy porównali również zalecenia produkcyjne opracowane przez European Biochar Foundation, International Biochar Initiative oraz wytyczne europejskiego programu Fertilizers.

EN

A review, with 13 refs., of biochar quality parameters important for agricultural applications. The raw materials for its prodn. recommended by international chem. organizations were also presented.

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Assessment of Effectiveness of Organo-Mineral Fertilizer Made of Coffee Spent Grounds and Biomass Ash

Ciesielczuk Tomasz, Rosik-Dulewska Czesława, Poluszyńska Joanna, Ślęzak Ewelina

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2019

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Vol. 20, nr 2

73--78

EN

Optimization of the biodegradable wastes management is one of the main goals of the activities taken up in the European Union. The aim of the present paper is to define the possibilities of supporting the process of golden rod yield (Solidago canadensis L.) by using different mineral-organic fertilizers, in a form of granulated substances, produced from extracted coffee wastes (CSG) as well as from ash which is the result of woody biomass combustion. Golden rod, as a potential energetic plant, is very easy to grow because it covers the grounds which are not utilized agriculturally or the ones localised in the close neighbourhood of industrial areas. For certain experimental purposes, a field experiment was conducted. Six experimental plots constituted its basis, two experimental fertilizers based on the extracted coffee wastes (in the amount of 100g/m2), ash from the process of thermal biomass transition and two commercial fertilizers were applied. After 160 days of the experiment, the golden rod harvest was submitted to quantitative-qualitative analysis. An analysis of basic soil parameters (pH, EC, TOC) was also carried out and the content of significant elements, as far as fertilizers are concerned, N, P, K, Ca, Mg was analysed too. As a result of the conducted experiment, the yield rise was observed, both in the case of the plants fed with commercial fertilizers as well as the ones cultivated on the basis of the extracted wastes. Using fertilizers does not only allow for management of the wastes produced in farm areas but also enables to increase the achieved amount of golden rod crops as well as to boost energy that is sourced in the process of biomass used for energetic purposes.

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Popioły ze spalania biomasy w kotłach fluidalnych

Gawlicki Marek, Jarosz-Krzemińska Elżbieta, Poluszyńska Joanna

Prace Instytutu Ceramiki i Materiałów Budowlanych

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2018

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R. 11, nr 34

7--19

PL

Uruchomienie w elektrowniach i elektrociepłowniach „zielonych bloków”, w kotłach których w złożu fluidalnym spalane są wyłącznie biopaliwa, spowodowało powstanie popiołów lotnych znacząco różniących się od pozostałych rodzajów ubocznych produktów spalania. Jako biopaliwa wykorzystywane są w Polsce głównie zrębki drzewne, ale mogą być również spalane różnego rodzaju pellety, oraz odpady z upraw i odpady z przetwarzania produktów rolnych, a także biomasa pozyskiwana z plantacji roślin energetycznych. W pracy omówiono skład chemiczny popiołów ze spalania wielu rodzaju roślin oraz porównano je ze składem chemicznym popiołów lotnych pobranych z instalacji przemysłowych zielonych bloków energetycznych.

EN

Biomass combustion in fluidized-bed boilers resulted in generation of an entirely new type of waste, which differs significantly from other types of combustion by-products. In Poland mainly wood chips are used as biofuel, but also various types of pellets, crop waste, processing waste of agricultural origin or biomass obtained from energy plantations. The paper discusses the chemical composition of ash from the combustion of several types of plants which were then compared with the chemical composition of fly ash derived from industrial installations so-called “green power units”.

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Możliwości sorpcyjne biowęgla w usuwaniu zanieczyszczeń ze środowiska wodnego

Ślęzak Ewelina, Poluszyńska Joanna

Prace Instytutu Ceramiki i Materiałów Budowlanych

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2018

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R. 11, nr 33

62--72

PL

Biowęgiel jest materiałem, który zyskuje coraz większą uwagę jako opłacalny sorbent do oczyszczania roztworów wodnych z toksycznych dla środowiska jonów metali ciężkich (As, Cr, Pb, Cu, Zn i Cd). Brakuje jednak informacji na temat mechanizmów sorpcji dla różnych jonów metali. Niniejsze opracowanie prezentuje kluczowe czynniki oraz proponowane mechanizmy adsorpcji w celu wyjaśnienia zachowania adsorpcyjnego biowęgla. Artykuł podsumowuje charakterystyczne właściwości biowęgla (np. pole powierzchni, porowatość, pH, ładunek powierzchniowy, grupy funkcyjne i składniki mineralne) oraz główne mechanizmy regulujące sorpcję. Własności biowęgla różnią się znacznie między sobą w zależności od rodzaju materiału wsadowego oraz zastosowanej temperatury pirolizy. W wyższej temperaturze wytwarzany jest biowęgiel o większej powierzchni, porowatości, pH i zawartości minerałów, ale o mniejszej liczbie grup funkcyjnych. W niniejszej pracy zaprezentowano biowęgiel jako materiał wykazujący duży potencjał skutecznego zwalczania zanieczyszczeń ze środowiska wodnego, biorąc pod uwagę szeroką dostępność surowca, korzystne fizyczne i chemiczne właściwości powierzchni.

EN

The biochar is a material which gaining more attention as a effective sorbent for the purification toxic metals ions (As, Cr, Pb, Cu, Zn and Cd) from environmentally aqueous solutions. However, there is not so many information about sorption mechanisms of metals ions. In this paper presented factors and proposed mechanisms of adsorption to explain about behavior of adsorption by the biochar. The article summarized the characteristic of the biochar (eg. surface area, porosity, pH, surface charge, and functional groups minerals) and mechanism which that can be regulate sorption. Biochar has much different properties, which depending at the type of feed material and temperature of pyrolysis. In the higher temperatures we can produce biochar with larger surface area, porosity, pH and mineral content, but less functional groups. This paper present the biochar as a material which demonstrating a large potential for effective control by the pollution of aquatic environment, taking the wide availability of materials and favorable physical and chemical properties.