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EN
In this article, we summarize the most important engineering geological studies that have been conducted by the Polish Geological Institute since the 1960s.
PL
Sieci gazowe niskiego i średniego ciśnienia stanowią podstawę dostawy gazu ziemnego dla odbiorców w budynkach jedno i wielorodzinnych i niektórych obiektów przemysłowych. Do wyceny wykonania robót każdego projektu należy podchodzić indywidualnie, należy przeanalizować wszystkie czynniki m.in. liczbę i głębokość posadowienia istniejącej infrastruktury podziemnej, warunki gruntowo-wodne, oraz rodzaj nawierzchni terenu, pod którą ma być wykonany gazociąg. Wszystkie te czynniki mogą znacząco wpływać na koszty wykonania sieci gazowej. Na podstawie przeprowadzonej analizy porównania kosztów wykonania sieci gazowych dla czterech inwestycji wynika, iż metoda przewiertu-bezwykopowa jest bardziej ekonomicznym sposobem wykonania ich budowy.
EN
Low and medium gas networks are main supply sources for single and multi family houses and some industrial objects. Each construction works quotation need to be analyzed individually taking into consideration all factors such as amount and depth of existing armature, ground and water conditions and type of pavement under which the gas network is going to be created. Each of those factors can have a significant impact on construction costs. As a base of analysis four gas networks construction costs were provided. As a result we can observe that trenchless drill method is most economic way to realize the given task.
3
Content available remote Historia pewnej technologii
PL
Omówiono technologię wytwarzania polipeptydów na skalę przemysłową przez bezpośrednią hydrolizę kolagenu z pozyskaniem kilkunastoprocentowego roztworu pożądanego produktu, gotowego do dalszego wykorzystania w różnych obszarach przemysłu chemicznego i lekkiego, medycynie i farmakologii. Surowcem w tej technologii są rozdrobnione skórki zwierzęce. Technologia jest proekologiczna i energooszczędna. Została wdrożona w Słupsku w Chemicznej Spółdzielni "Żelatyna" (późniejszy Loton®). Przybliżono opracowaną (na potrzeby tej technologii) szybką, dogodną i ogólnodostępną metodę analizy produktu, wykorzystującą spektrometrię mas (techniki MS-ESI i MS-APPI). Stwierdzono, że cząsteczki otrzymywanych polipeptydów jonizują się ok. 50-krotnie. Wysoki stopień zjonizowania umożliwiał obserwację dużych cząsteczek (w tym przypadku 28-82 kDa). Metoda pozwala identyfikować frakcje peptydowe zarówno w trakcie hydrolizy, jak również w gotowym produkcie. W skrócie omówiono podjęte próby dyskusji nad przyczynami i zaskakującą powtarzalnością wspomnianej wyżej multi-jonizacji w odniesieniu do struktury kolagenu.
EN
A process for prodn. of polypeptides by hydrolysis of minced animal hide and skin scraps was developed, implemented in industry, presented and evaluated from economic point of view.
EN
The article is discussing legal aspects of performing engineering geophysical surveys in Poland. The main legislation documents containing laws concerning geophysical surveys are the Geological and Mining Law, the Building Law with the relevant regulations and recommendations of the Eurocode 7. The authors point to the significant discrepancies and ambiguities in legislation acts which lead to inconsistent interpretations concerning engineering geophysics, and express the need and direction of changes needed in the current legislation.
5
Content available remote Szybka i dogodna metoda analizy produktów hydrolizy kolagenu
PL
Zaproponowano i zweryfikowano szybką i dogodną metodę analizy polipeptydów wytwarzanych przez hydrolizę kolagenu, którego źródłem były rozdrobnione skórki zwierzęce. Badania metodą spektrometrii mas (MS), wspomagane danymi z rozdziału elektroforetycznego, pozwoliły stwierdzić, że cząsteczki polipeptydów jonizują się ok. 50-krotnie. Stosując techniki electrospray (ESI) i fotojonizację pod ciśnieniem atmosferycznym (APPI), opracowano sposób identyfikacji frakcji peptydowych zarówno w trakcie hydrolizy, jak również w gotowym produkcie. Znaleziono frakcje o masie cząsteczkowej 28-82 kDa. Wysoki stopień zjonizowania umożliwia obserwację dużych cząsteczek z wykorzystaniem aparatów o stosunkowo niewielkim zakresie pomiaru masy (m/z), co jest niewątpliwą zaletą metody i czyni ją ogólnodostępną.
EN
Polypeptides produced by hydrolysis of collagen from minced animal hide and skin scraps were studied by mass spectrometry (MS) in conjunction with electrophoresis to det. their mol. mass. The degree of peptides ionization was ca 50+. This allowed for observation of the large polypeptide chains with mass analyzers with a relatively low m/z range. The electrospray and atm. pressure photoionization techniques were used. The polypeptide fractions formed during the hydrolysis of collagen were easily identified. The mol. mass of the products was 28-82 kDa.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono charakterystykę litologiczno-surowcową złoża wapieni dewońskich Szewce. Na podstawie przeprowadzonych badań terenowych scharakteryzowano zmienność wykształcenia wapieni w profilu złożowym. Dodatkowych informacji na temat zasięgu serii wapieni dewońskich w rejonie złoża, występujących stref uskokowych oraz zjawisk krasowych dostarczyły badania geofizyczne, w tym pomiary sejsmicznej tomografii refrakcyjnej (STR), tomografii elektrooporowej (ERT) oraz pomiary georadarem (GPR). Prezentowana charakterystyka surowcowa wapieni, obejmująca ocenę walorów dekoracyjnych skały i jej właściwości fizyczno-mechanicznych uzupełniona została o wyniki pomiarów bloczności w odsłoniętej ścianie kamieniołomu. W końcowej części artykułu zarysowano perspektywy eksploatacji złoża metodą podziemną.
EN
The paper presents lithological and technological characteristics of Devonian limestone Szewce deposit. Based on field researches the variability of limestone in the deposit profile has been characterized. Additional information on the vertical extent of a series of Devonian limestone in the area of deposit, as well as occurring fault zones and karstified zones, has delivered the geophysical surveys, including seismic refraction tomography (STR), electrical resistivity tomography (ERT), as well as Grodnu penetrating radar methods (GPR). In term of technical characteristics, the decorative properties and physico-mechanical parameters of limestone as well as block diversibility measurement results in the quarry have been presented. In the final part of the article prospect for the underground extraction of deposit has been outlined.
PL
Zaobserwowano w trakcie analizy MS produktu pozyskiwanego w technologii hydrolizy kolagenu, że cząsteczki otrzymywanych polipeptydów jonizują się ok. 50-krotnie (przy zastosowaniu technik elektrosprej i fotojonizacji pod ciśnieniem atmosferycznym: MS-ESI i MS-APPI). Pozwoliło to opracować szybką i dogodną metodę analizy na potrzeby tej technologii. W artykule podjęto próbę dyskusji nad przyczynami i zaskakującą powtarzalnością obserwowanej multi-jonizacji.
EN
MS analysis of polypeptides, produced during industrial collagen hydrolysis, allowed to observe that multiple ionization of product molecules is approximately equal ca 50+ (using electrospray and atmospheric pressure photoionization techniques: MS-ESI and MS-APPI). This observation brings fast and convenient analytical method for the above technology. In this article, the reasons of the observed unexpected multiionization (and its repeatability) is discussed.
EN
A newly recognized Mnin restraining stepover is identified in the Permo-Mesozoic cover of the western part of the Late Palaeozoic Holy Cross Mountains Fold Belt (Poland), within a fault pattern consisting of dextral strikeslip faults. The formation of a large contractional structure at the Late Cretaceous – Cenozoic transition displays the significant role of strike-slip faulting along the western border of the Teisseyre-Tornquist Zone, in the foreland of the Polish part of the Carpathian Orogen. Theoretical relationships between the maximum fault offsets/ mean step length, as well as between the maximum fault offsets/mean step width allowed the estimation of the values of possible offsets along the Snochowice and Mieczyn faults forming the Mnin stepover. The estimated values suggest displacements of as much as several tens of kilometres. The observed offset along the Tokarnia Fault and theoretical calculations suggest that the strike-slip faults west of the Late Palaeozoic Holy Cross Mountains Fold Belt belong to a large strike-slip fault system. We postulate that the observed significant refraction of the faults forming the anastomosing fault pattern is related also to the interaction of the NW-SE-striking faults formed along the western border of the Teisseyre-Tornquist Zone and the reactivated WNW-ESE-striking faults belonging to the fault systems of the northern margin of the Tethys Ocean.
9
Content available Crystal structures and conformers of CyMe4-BTBP
EN
The crystal structure of new conformation of the CyMe4-BTBP ligand (ttc) has been presented. The ttt conformer of this compound in a form of THF solvate has been also crystallized. The geometries of six possible conformations (ttt, ttc, tct, tcc, ctc and ccc) of the CyMe4-BTBP ligand have been modeled in the gas phase and in solutions (MeOH and H2O) by DFT calculations using B3LYP/6-31G(d,p) method. According to the calculations, in the three different media the conformers with trans orientation of the N atoms in the bipyridyl moiety are the most stable.
EN
Catastrophic floodings caused by floodbank and dam failures draw attention to urgent need of modernization of these facilities in Poland. The task specified above requires precise and fast methods of technical condition assessment of existing facilities. Present method of assessment of the geotechnical parameters of flood embankments and its geological setting is limited to sampling and geotechnical probing in discrete intervals, which are too sparse to recognize zones of weakening or unfavourable geologic conditions that might constitute critical zones for floodbank stability. This paper presents results and conclusions of experimental survey concluded in 2014 attempting to apply near-surface geophysical methods to floodbank condition assessment. In author's opinion, three techniques applied yielded most reliable results. Moreover the methods – electric resistivity tomography; seismic refraction tomography and multichannel analysis of surface waves can be optimised for utilisation for fast surveys on floodbanks. Authors give attention to results of above mentioned three geophysical methods and only briefly discuss the applicability of other near-surface geophysical methods for issues concerning floodbank technical condition.
EN
The present model of providing services has evolved as a result of the use of the IT tools and systems. It is a noticeable trend that the customer participation in the design process is an added value in design of IT systems or the services themselves. It is precisely the customer participation in designing of IT systems that is of crucial importance for meeting the expectations of the end-user. This article presents the ways in which advantage can be taken of the added value created due to the customer participation and how to use this participation in the designing process.
EN
The paper presents three examples of application of geophysical surveys carried out by the PBG Ltd. for the recognition of internal structure, geological background and mechanical properties of near- -surface rock medium at major landslides in the Polish Outer Carpathians. Geophysical data were used for developing an accurate geological model of the landslides. Geological features that cannot be detected by other means, e.g. faults in bedrock, and exact location and shape of the shear plane were delineated in two-dimensional mode on the sections.
PL
W artykule wymieniono i omówiono kilka przykładów badań geofizycznych (i ich wyników) wykonanych przez Przedsiębiorstwo Badań Geofizycznych Sp. z o.o., dotyczących płytkiej prospekcji ośrodka geologicznego. Przedstawione przykłady odnoszą się do badań, w których wykorzystano najnowsze technologie z dziedziny sejsmiki inżynierskiej i tomografii elektrooporowej. Omówiono podstawowe aspekty praktyczne w odniesieniu do potencjalnych możliwości zastosowania tych metod w geologii inżynierskiej.
EN
The article presents and discusses a few examples of the results of geophysical surveys carried out by the PBG Ltd., for the near surface prospecting of the rock medium. The presented examples refer to studies that use the newest technologies in engineering seismics and electric resistivity tomography. Fundamental practical aspects in relation to potential applications of these methods in engineering geology are discussed.
PL
Diody LED to nowe źródła światła, które zrewolucjonizowały przemysł elektroniczny. Dzięki swoim właściwościom, takim jak: niewielki rozmiar, energooszczędność, długa żywotność, są wykorzystywane w przemyśle i w domu. W pracy przedstawiono zastosowanie diod LED do oświetlenia w technice samochodowej.
EN
LEDs are novel light sources that have revolutionized the electronic industry. Owing to their properties such as small size, power savings and robustness they can find both industry and household applications. The article discusses LED application to automotive lighting.
EN
Light emitting diodes (LEDs) are the new sources of light which caused the revolutionary changes in the electronic industry. Thanks to their properties, for instance small size, energy efficiency, long service life, LEDs are used in the industry sector as well as in households. The purpose of this study is to present the application of emitting diodes (LEDs) in automotive technology.
19
Content available remote Microbial grains – a way of spreading of microbial bioherms
EN
Most of the Upper Jurassic microbial-sponge bioherms known from Poland formed prominent elevations on sea bottom and were surrounded by thick sequences (up to 100 m) of detritic limestones composed of small round to elliptical dense micritic grains of clotted texture, 0.5-2 mm in diameter. Typically they are packstones with grain content between 40-50% of rock volume. Elongated micritic grains are often deformed or partly torn which shows that they were deposited as plastic fragments. Grains, bigger than 2 or 3 mm, are hardly present. Many micritic grains are covered by microbial structures on the upper surface. Microbial structures on grains form irregular layers and small bulbous forms characterized by occurrence of clotted texture. Continuous transition from microbial structures covering individual micrite grain to microbial structures spreading on few neighbouring grains and bigger structures can be observed. Small metre-scale microbial bioherms within sections of circum-biohermal detritic limestones, or thick sequences of massive, microbial limestones directly above detritic limestones are often observed. It can be assumed that microbial structures developed on substratum composed of micritic grains due to activity of microorganisms present within the grains. Grains are not lithoclasts, but fragments of microbial structures containing live cells, delivered from bioherm by slight water movement or currents. Such grains can be treated as "seeds" of microbial structures. It is suggested that the existence of thick sediments of detritic limestones is caused by emerging of tops of microbial-sponge bioherms above normal or storm wave base depth. When concerning composition of discussed rocks – size of grains and their relative monotonous composition - a low energy model of sedimentation of detritic limestones seems to be more appropriate. Proposed model of "sowing" or contaminating areas around bioherms with microorganisms forming microbial structures had an important role in development of Upper Jurassic bioherms.
20
Content available remote Integrated studies of Late Jurassic neptunian dykes from central Poland
EN
Steeply dipping clastic dykes cutting through the Middle Jurassic clays with ironestone nodules have been exposed in three localities at Wieluń, Częstochowa and Zawiercie in central Poland. The dykes are grey calcareous, structureless sandstones, 5 to 10 cm wide running roughly along the NE-SW direction which corresponds approximately to system of faults in the area. Palynological analysis of the internal sediment from the dykes revealed mixed assemblages of the Middle (Bajocian-Bathonian), and the Upper Jurassic (Oxfordian – Lower Kimmeridgian) Dinoflagellate cyst taxa. The latter consist of Systematophora areolata, Ctenidodinium ornatum, Gonyaulacysta jurassica jurassica, Endoscrinium luridum, Endoscrinium galeritum, Leptodinium subtile and Scriniodinium crystallinum. Rich hydrothermal calcite mineralization occurs mainly where dykes cut ironestone nodules. Hydrotermal mineralization is composed of coarse palisadic crystals ranging form 2.5 to 6 mm in lenght. Cement of sandstones is also composed of hydrotermal calcite. Fluid inclusion analysis of palisadic crystals (performed by Prof. Andrzej Koz.owski) yielded homogenisation temperatures in range of 53 up to 72°C. Gradual decreasing of homogenisation point and change in composition of fluids from hydrotermal to more marine fluids is observed from dyke walls, toward the centre of the dyke. Fluid inclusion analysis confirms mixed, hydrotermal-neptunian genesis of dykes with stages postulated on the basis of thin section observations. Presented work demonstrates necessity of integrated geological studies to improve sedimentological and tectonic reconstructions.The origin of the dykes was related with synsedimentary tectonics during Late Jurassic (Oxfordian - Early Kimmeridgian) which controlled the facies distribution within the sponge megafacies of the Polish Jura Chain area.
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