The demand for indium is increasing every year. This metal is mainly used as indium tin oxide (ITO) in the production of transparent conductive coatings for liquid crystal displays (LCD). This paper focuses on biohydrometallurgical methods used for the recovery of indium and tin from LCD sourced from spent mobile phones. Bioleaching experiments were carried out in two different leaching media: 9K medium and H2SO4 solution, using mixed, adapted bacteria Acidothiobacillus ferrooxidans and Acidothiobacillus thiooxidans. The main aim of this study was to evaluate the potential and efficiency of indium and tin extraction in the presence of acidophilic microorganisms. Within 35 days, using 9K medium, 55.6% of indium was bioleached, whereas the chemical leaching resulted in a value of 3.4%. Leaching efficiency of tin was 90.2% on the 14th day of the experiment for the biological system (9K) and 93.4% on 21st day of control leaching.
The main purpose of the present work was to validate the numerical model for the pulse-step liquid steel alloying method using a physical simulator that enables the observation and recording of phenomena occurring during the continuous steel casting process. The facility under investigation was a single-nozzle tundish equipped with a dam. To physical trials the glass water model was made on a scale of 2:5. For the mathematical description of turbulence during liquid steel alloying process, the k-ε and k-ω models were employed in the simulations. Based on the computer simulations and physical trials carried out, alloy addition behaviour and mixing curves for different tundish alloy addition feeding positions were obtained. The change in the location of alloy addition feeding to the liquid steel had an effect on the process of alloy addition spread in the liquid steel bulk and on the mixing time.
Catalytic converters contain the catalytic substance in their structure, which is a mixture of Platinum Group Metals (PGMs). The prices of these metals and a growing demand for them in the market, make it necessary to recycle spent catalytic converters and recovery of PGMs. In the study, the effect of ozone and hydrogen peroxide application on the possibility of extracting PGM from used car catalysts was investigated. The catalytic carrier was milled, sieved and then the fractions with the desired grain size were treated with the appropriate HCl mixture and 3%, 5%, 10%, 15% and 30% H2O2, respectively, and the tests were also carried out at temperature 333 K. Ozone tests were conducted with the O3 flow in the range of 1,3,5 g/h. Samples for analysis were collected after 30 min, 1 h, 2 h, 3 h and after 4 h, respectively. The residue after the experiments and filtration process was also analysed. The obtained results confirmed the assumption that PGMs can be extracted using hydrochloric acid with the addition of H2O2 or ozone as oxidants. It allows to significantly intensify the carried out reactions and to improve the rate of PGMs transfer to the solution.
Wzrost konsumpcji dóbr materialnych jest powodem stałego wzrostu produkcji opakowań, które jednocześnie stanowią duży udział w ilości wytwarzanych odpadów komunalnych, wśród których liczną grupę stanowią odpadowe puszki stalowe zawierające cynę. Właściwy proces obróbki tych odpadów poprzedzony odzyskiem cyny, daje możliwość ich wykorzystania w hutnictwie stali. Odzyskana cyna może zostać poddana recyklingowi. Opracowanie nowych efektywnych metod odzysku cyny z odpadowych puszek stalowych wymaga jednak precyzyjnego określenia poziomu jej zawartości w strumieniu odpadów. Opisane w pracy wyniki badań stanowią wstęp do dalszych badań nad standaryzacją próbek odpadowych puszek stalowych, w celu zaprojektowania właściwego procesu odzysku cyny i ustalenia jego parametrów.
EN
The increase in consumption of material goods is the reason for the steady growth of packaging production. As a conseqwence packaging participates in big percentage in generation of municipal waste, among which a large group are waste steel cans containing tin. A suitable treatment process of such waste, preceded by the recovery of tin, gives the possibility of use them in the steel industry; while the recovered tin can be recycled. The development of new efficient methods for the recovery of tin from waste steel cans requires a precise determination of the level of its contents in the waste stream. The results of the research described in this article are an introduction to the further development of research connected with standardization of waste steel cans samples in order to design a relevant tin recovery process and determine its parameters.
W pracy omówiono wyniki wstępnych badań ługowania odpadowych blach pochodzących z wykorzystanych puszek żywnościowych, pokrytych warstwą cyny. Proces prowadzono w środowisku alkalicznym, a materiał wcześniej poddawany był operacji zgniatania w młynie młotkowym. Najlepsze efekty uzyskano w roztworze NaOH o stężeniu 1 mol/dm3 przy stosunku masy fazy stałej do objętości roztworu równym 1:10.
EN
The paper describes the results of leaching of tin from tinplated food cans. The process was conducted in alkaline solutions with the material earlier crushed in a hammer mill. The best results were obtained for 1 M NaOH solution at ratio of mass of solid phase to volume of solution equal to 1:10.
Celem pracy było zbadanie możliwości selektywnego wydzielenia jonów cynku(II) z polimetalicznych odpadowych roztworów chlorkowych zawierających kationy takich metali, jak: niklu(II), kobaltu(II), kadmu(II) z zastosowaniem polimerowych membran inkluzyjnych. Jako przenośnik jonów w membranie zaproponowany został 1-decyloimidazol. Uzyskane wyniki pozwoliły zauważyć znaczący wpływ stężenia anionów chlorkowych na proces separacji jonów metali. Stwierdzono również, że jony cynku(II) najefektywniej wydzielić można z roztworu o stężeniu 1M anionów chlorkowych. Z roztworu takiego odzyskuje się ok. 88-90 % Zn(II). Zdolność do wydzielenia pozostałych jonów kształtuje się w szeregu: Cd(II) ≥ Co(II) > Ni(II).
EN
The aim of the work was investigation of possibility of selective releasing of zinc(II) ions from polymetalic discarded chloride solutions containing metal cations like: nickel(II), cobalt(II) and cadmium(II) by applying polymer inclusion membranes. As a carrier of metal ions in membrane, the 1-decylimidazole was used. Based on obtained results, significant influence of chloride anions on separation process was observed. It was found that zinc(II) ions were transported fastest from solution containing 1M of chloride anions. In this case, it was possible to release about 88-90 % of Zn(II). The membrane ability to releasing rest of ions change in series: Cd(II) ≥ Co(II) > Ni(II).
W pracy omówiono wyniki wstępnych badań ługowania cyny, cynku i żelaza z pyłów pochodzących z linii technologicznej przerobu odpadów stalowych, zawierających cynę. Proces prowadzono w środowisku kwaśnym HCl i HNO3 oraz alkalicznym NaOH. Najlepsze efekty uzyskano w przypadku roztwarzania cyny w roztworach kwaśnych i alkalicznych o stężeniach 1 mol dm-3 i wyższych, a także cynku w roztworach kwaśnych o podobnych stężeniach przy stosunku masy fazy stałej do objętości roztworu równym 1:100.
EN
In the paper there are described results of leaching of tin, zinc and iron from dusts coming from technological line applied for processing of tin-containing steel waste. Leaching was conducted in acidic (HCl and HNO3) as well as alkaline solutions (NaOH). The best results were obtained in the case of tin in acidic and alkaline solutions at concentrations of 1 M or above and in the case of zinc in acidic solutions at similar concentrations at mass of solid phase to volume of solution ratio equal to 1:100.
Nadmierna eksploatacja złóż naturalnych cynku, jego niszczący wpływ na przebieg procesów metalurgicznych żelaza, fakt, iż jest mikroelementem niezbędnym do życia i zachowania zdrowia ludzi, oraz przepisy z zakresu ochrony środowiska uzasadniają stosowanie nowoczesnych metod odzysku cynku z materiałów odpadowych. W prezentowanym artykule przedstawiono wyniki badań eksperymentalnych nad szlamem konwertorowym.
EN
Excessive exploitation of natural deposits of zinc, its destroying effects on metallurgical processes of iron and the fact that zinc is an essential microelement for life and keeping good health as well as the environmental protection regulations justify the use of modern methods for the recovery of zinc from waste materials. The studies of BOF sludge were presented in this article.
W artykule przedstawiono wyniki eksperymentalnych badań laboratoryjnych dotyczące wpływu różnych parametrów fizyko-chemicznych na ługowanie Pb(ll) z odpadowych szkieł ołowiowych w roztworach kwasu azotowego(V). Badanie dotyczyło szkieł pochodzących z odpadowych lamp katodowych zużytych monitorów CRT.
EN
The paper presents the results of experimental laboratory studies concerning the influence of different physico-chemical parameters on the leaching of Pb(ll) from lead waste glass in solutions of nitric acid(V). The research focused on waste glass from cathode ray tubes of used CRT monitors. Alm of this study was to determine the parameters of an effective process for the Pb(ll) leaching from waste CRT glass with solutions of nitric acid(V). The effect on the process of following physical and chemical factors such as: concentration of reagent, particle size, stirring intensity, the ratio of solid to liquid phase (solid/liquid), temperature and leaching time was examined. Analysis of the results of Pb(ll) leaching from waste CRT glass in solutions of nitric acid(V) allowed to determine the optimal conditions for achieving the greatest grade of Pb(ll) leaching. The results obtained thus confirm the feasibility of Pb(ll) from waste CRT glass into an aqueous solution by hydrometallurgical process.
Biohydrometalurgia z początkiem XXI wieku nabiera coraz większego znaczenia jako nisko kosztowa, stosunkowo łatwa do zastosowania oraz umożliwiająca przetwarzanie bardzo ubogich surowców, zarówno naturalnych jak też odpadów, technologia. O szybkim jej rozwoju świadczyć może fakt, iż w 2006 r. ponad 2 mln t miedzi rocznie powstawało w zakładach wykorzystujących bioługowanie. Technologia ta wykorzystywana jest nie tylko w zakładach metalurgicznych do otrzymywania miedzi, niklu, kobaltu, cynku, złota czy uranu, ale również do przetwarzania odpadów, między innymi osadów powstających w oczyszczalniach ścieków. W prezentowanej pracy przeglądowej omówiono dwa podstawowe mechanizmy bioługowania siarczkowych rud metali: mechanizm bezpośredni oraz pośredni. Następnie przeprowadzono przegląd podstawowych procesów bioługowania zastosowanych do przetwarzania rudy miedzi, niklu i kobaltu, cynku i złota.
EN
Biohydrometallurgy the beginning of the twenty-first century is becoming increasingly important as a low-cost, relatively easy to use and allows processing of very poor resources, both natural as well as waste technology. The rapid development of evidenced by the fact that in 2006, more than 2 million tons of copper per year arose in plants using bioleaching. This technology is used not only in the metallurgical plants for the preparation of copper, nickel, cobalt, zinc, gold and uranium, but also for the processing of waste, including sludge generated in wastewater treatment plants. In the present review, we discuss two basic mechanisms of bioleaching of sulphide ores: mechanism of direct and indirect. This was followed by an overview of the basic processes used in the bioleaching process copper ore, nickel and cobalt, zinc and gold.
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Purpose: The aim of the conducted studies was to determine the possibility of selective separation and precipitation of metal ions from polimetalic solution containing nickel(II), cobalt(II), cadmium(II) and zinc(II) cations using polymer inclusive membranes. 1-decylimidazole was used in membrane as a carrier of ions. The influence of chloride anions concentration on the process has also been investigated. Design/methodology/approach: Polymer inclusive membranes (PIM) containing cellulose acetate as a matrix, orto-nitrophenyl octyl ether (ONPOE) as a plasticizer and 1-decylimidazole as a carrier were used in investigations. The membrane processes were carried out in a membrane module for 24 hours. Findings: The results obtained point out a significant influence of chloride anions concentration on separation process of certain metal ions. It was observed that zinc(II) ions are isolated most effectively from the solution containing 2M of chloride anions. About 88% of Zn(II), 5.5% of Co(II), 6.5% of Cd(II) and below 1% of Ni(II) were separated from such a solution. Research limitations/implications: The obtained results show that it is possibility of the selective extraction of heavy metal ions from polymetallic chloride solutions in membrane processes. The aqueous solution containing 2M of chloride ions was used in the investigation. Practical implications: The results show that Zn(II) can be effectively recovered from solutions containing Co(II), Cd(II) and Ni(II). This process would allow the utilization of waste solutions containing the heavy metal ions. The results of the study presented in the paper can be used in the utilization process of the spent batteries and accumulators. Originality/value: The innovative issue shown in this paper concerns the usage of 1-decylimidazole in selective separation of nickel(II), cobalt(II), cadmium(II) and zinc(II) ions in membrane process using PIM.
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Selective distribution of cobalt(II), nickel(II), zinc(II) and cadmium(II) ions from chloride solutions through polymer inclusion membranes (PIM) has been studied. The carrier was 1-decylimidazole. The effect of chloride ion concentration on the ion permeation was analysed. The results suggest that some of metal ions change for the worse selectivity of separation process. Especially zinc(II) and cadmium(II) ions decreased five-fold selectivity of ion separation process.
PL
W pracy przedstawiono wyniki badań selektywnego rozdziału jonów kobaltu(II), niklu(II), cynku(II) i kadmu(II) z roztworów chlorkowych w procesie selektywnego ich rozdziału w procesie membranowym przez polimerowe membrany inkluzyjne (PIM). Jako przenośnik zastosowano 1-decyloimidazol. Uzyskane wyniki wskazują, że obecność jonów niektórych metali pogarszać może selektywność rozdziału. Szczególne znaczenie mają tutaj jony cynku(II) oraz kadmu(II), które prawie 5-krotnie pogarszają selektywność rozdziału jonów niklu(II) od kobaltu(II).
W artykule przedstawiono łańcuch logistyczny odpadów w przypadku pyłów stalowniczych. Opisuje źródła ich produkcji w hucie, sposób gospodarowania odpadami pyłu wewnątrz huty i proces odzyskiwania cynku właśnie z pyłów stalowniczych w przedsiębiorstwach specjalizujących się w zagospodarowaniu odpadów zawierających cynk.
EN
Waste looks like in the case of steelmaking dust. Describes the source of the dust production in a steel mill, the way of the management of waste of dust inside the steel plant and process of the recovery of zinc in enterprises specializing in the waste management of zinc-containing.
Replacing the IPv4 protocol with IPv6 on the Internet is currently one of the aims of the European Union policy. The main reason for this replacement is the effeteness of the addresses pool in the IPv4 protocol, which can cause serious complications in the evolution of the Internet and its adaptation in new areas, e.g., in next generation mobile telephony or the so called Internet of Things. Simultaneously, the addressing capabilities of the IPv6 protocol are practically unlimited and its new functionalities increase the attractiveness of its usage. The article discusses the problems connected with the IPv6 deployment on the Internet. Especially, the rules for realization of the IPv6 deployment and rules for cooperation of IPv4 with IPv6 (including cooperation tests) in network infrastructure and in applications are presented. Moreover, the European projects' results and the activity's directions of the national project Future Internet Engineering are discussed.
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Omówiono problemy związane z wdrożeniem IPv6 w Internecie, w szczególności zasady jego wdrożenia oraz współpracy IPv4 z IPv6 w infrastrukturze sieciowej i w aplikacjach. Przedstawiono wyniki projektów europejskich oraz kierunki aktywności projektu krajowego Inżynieria Internetu Przyszłości.
EN
The article discusses the problems connected with IPv6 deployment in Internet. Especially, there are presented the rules for realization of IPv6 deployment and rules for cooperation of IPv4 with IPv6 (including cooperation tests) in network infrastructure and in applications. Moreover, there arę presented the European projects' results and the activity's directions of the national project "Future Internet Engineering".
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Purpose: Purpose was to obtain the TRIP-type microstructure in the CMnAlSi steel. Heat treatment consisted of the partial austenitization at 900*C/60s and continuous cooling with rates: 0.5-40*C/s, was examined. Also the effect of Al and Si on Ac1 and Ac3 temperatures, and the volume fractions of austenite in CMnSi, CmnAl and CMnAlSi steels was investigated. Design/methodology/approach: The effect of alloying elements on Ac1 and Ac3 temperatures was investigated using Thermo-calc program. The influence of cooling rates on phase transformations and microstructures of samples austenitized at 900*C/60s was examined using dilatometer, light optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. X-ray diffraction technique was used to calculate the amount of retained austenite. Quantitative analyses of phases were done using Image pro Plus 3.0 program. The mechanical properties and Vickers hardness (HV10) measurements were also investigated. Findings: The TRIP-aided microstructure consisted of ferrite matrix, bainitic ferrite and metastable retained austenite can be obtained for the CMnAlSi steel through intercritical annealing at 900*C/60s and continuous cooling with the rate 20*C/s to the R.T. Isothermal holding at bainitic temperature range (600-400*C) during cooling is not necessary, because of the Al and Si additions to the steel. Practical implications: The CMn steel with addition of 1% Al and Si is well-suited for production of TRIP steel sheets in a large range of temperatures: 800-900*C. The advisable cooling rates are in the range from 10 to 40*C/s. Originality/value: In the TRIP steels the amount of residual austenite in structure at the R. T. strongly depends on the heat treatment parameters such as annealing temperature, cooling rates and amounts of added alloying elements. It is very important to determine the optimal annealing parameters for each TRIP steel grade to obtain the steel with the best mechanical properties and microstructure.
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