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Distribution and fate of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in recent sediments from the Gulf of Gdańsk (SE Baltic)

Lubecki L., Kowalewska G.

Oceanologia

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2010

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No. 52 (4)

669-703

EN

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were determined in recent (0-10 cm) sediments from the Gulf of Gdańsk during 2003-07 and correlated with environmental parameters. Located in the south-eastern part of the Baltic and receiving the waters of the River Wisła (Vistula), this area of negligible tides and strong anthropogenic stress, highly eutrophic as a consequence, is an exceptional model basin for studying the fate of hydrophobic organic contaminants introduced to the sea. Environmental conditions determine the distribution and composition patterns of parent PAHs in Gulf of Gdańsk sediments. PAHs were associated mainly with fine particle sediments, rich in organic carbon, with hypoxia/anoxia near the bottom. The highest PAH contents were found in the Gdańsk Deep (ca 110 m), where the mean concentration of Σ12PAHs was ∼3600 ng g-1, and no distinct temporal trend was observed. Lighter PAHs were found to be depleted in deeper regions. It was estimated that the Wisła discharges ∼50% of the total PAH load deposited in recent Gulf sediments.

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Factors affecting the occurrence of algae on the Sopot beach (Baltic Sea)

Filipkowska A., Lubecki L., Szymczak-Żyła M., Łotocka M., Kowalewska G.

Oceanologia

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2009

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No. 51 (2)

233-262

EN

The occurrence of algae on the Sopot beach was investigated from 2004 to 2006 from the beach management point of view. Various methods were applied in an attempt to understand the mechanisms underlying the accumulation of algae on the shoreline. They included daily observations of the occurrence of macrophyta on the beach, absorption measurements of acetone extracts of the particulate matter in the seawater, the collection of macrophyta and phytoplankton samples for biomass and taxonomic identification, and determination of the degree of decomposition on the basis of chloropigment analyses. The results were related to the environmental conditions: meteorological data and the physico-chemical parameters of the seawater. The biomass recorded on the beach consisted mainly of macroalgae and a small proportion of sea grass (Zostera marina). The phytoplankton biomass consisted mainly of dinoflagellates, diatoms, cyanobacteria, euglenoids and cryptophytes. The conclusions to be drawn from this work are that the occurrence of huge amounts of macrophyta amassing on the Sopot beach depends on the combined effect of high solar radiation in spring and summer, high-strength (velocity × frequency) south-westerly winds in May-September, followed by northerly winds, bringing the macrophyta from Puck Bay on to the Sopot beach. At the same time, their abundance along the beach varies according to the shape and height of the shore, the wind strength and the local wind-driven seawater currents. According to estimates, from 2.2-4.4 × 102 tons (dry weight) of macrophyta can be moved on to the Sopot beach in one hour. In October, strong south-easterly winds can also transport huge amounts of decomposing biomass onshore. The phytoplankton content in the total biomass is negligible, even though at low concentrations its biological activity may be considerable. The intensive phytoplankton blooms observed on the Sopot beach in summer are not always caused by cyanobacteria.

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Utilisation of macroalgae from the Sopot beach (Baltic Sea)

Filipkowska A., Lubecki L., Szymczak-Żyła M., Kowalewska G., Żbikowski R., Szefer P.

Oceanologia

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2008

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No. 50 (2)

255-273

EN

The aim of this work was to explore the possibilities of utilising the macroalgae accumulating on the Sopot beach, a part of the Gulf of Gdansk (Baltic Sea). During this work (2004-2006) a range of activities were undertaken: monitoring the occurrence of macroalgae, collection of plant material, taxonomic identification, laboratory analyses of contamination (metals - Cd, Pb, Ni, Zn, Cu, Cr, Hg; radionuclides - 137Cs, 40K; organic contaminants - polychlorinated biphenyls, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons), the stage of algal degradation and studying possible uses of the plant material collected on the beach. The most suitable way of utilising the plant material seems to be as a biofertiliser. Laboratory growth tests were carried out to assess this possible use; they were successful.

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Methylphenanthrenes in the southern Baltic as markers of petrogenic pollution

Lubecki L., Szymczak-Żyła M., Kowalewska G.

Oceanologia

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2006

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No. 48 (1)

73-86

EN

Mono- and dimethylphenanthrenes were determined in recent (0-10 cm) sediments collected at about 30 stations in the southern Baltic Sea from 1995 to 2001. The stations were located in the Szczecin Lagoon, the Pomeranian Bay, the Bornholm Deep, the open sea (without the Bornholm and Gdańsk Deeps), the Gdańsk Deep, and the Gulf of Gdańsk including the Wisła (Vistula) Lagoon. The results were related to the unsubstituted PAH content. The annual load of methylphenanthrenes in relation to unsubstituted PAHs in the Rivers Odra and Wisła was estimated. Methylphenanthrenes are more abundant in the Odra estuary than in the Wisła estuary, and more abundant in the coastal sediments than in the open sea sediments. The results indicate that methylphenanthrenes related to the lower molecular, unsubstituted PAHs are a good measure of petrogenic pollution in the southern Baltic.