This paper presents simulations of a three-dimensional model of the bone remodelling process. The model consists of a set of variable order partial differential equations, in which the varying order depends on the presence of tumour cells. The simulations are of a two-dimensional bone, to make visualisation simpler. They show that this model corresponds to the known evolution of bone remodelling, and is simpler than integer order models found in the literature.
This paper presents models of economic growth for all states of the European Union (EU), since either 1970 or the year of accession to the EU. Both integer and fractional order models are obtained, where the gross domestic product (GDP) is a function of the country’s land area, gross capital formation (GCF), exports of goods and services, and average years of school attendance.
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