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The influence of number and size of sample plots on modelling growing stock volume based on Airborne Laser Scanning

Stereńczak K., Lisańczuk M., Parkitna K., Mitelsztedt K., Mroczek P., Miścicki S.

Drewno : prace naukowe, doniesienia, komunikaty

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2018

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vol. 61, nr 201

5--22

EN

Current forest growing stock inventory methods used in Poland are based on statistical methods using field measurements of trees on circular sample plots. Such measurements are carried out with traditional equipment, i.e. callipers and range finders. Nowadays, remote sensing based inventory techniques are becoming more popular and have already been applied in North America and some Scandinavian countries. Remote sensing based forest inventories require a certain amount of ground sample plots, which serve either as reference data used for model calibration and/or as a validation dataset for the assessment of the accuracy of modelled variables. Using a set of 900 ground sample plots and Airborne Laser Scanner (ALS) from the Milicz forest district, a statistical model for the estimation of plot growing stock volume was developed. Next, the developed model was once again fitted to different variants of sample plot size and number of sample plots. Each variant was selected from a full 900 sample plot set. The selection started from 800, 700, 600, …, down to 25 plots, respectively, and was carried out in proportion to the dominant tree age range. To account for the area effect, each plot number variant was similarly tested with various sample plot areas, i.e. 500, 400, …, 100 m2. Sampling in each variant was repeated in order to take into account the effect of a single selection. The results showed a strong relationship between obtained modelling errors and the size and number of used sample plots. It has been demonstrated that the number of sample plots has no influence on the accuracy of GSV estimation above about 300-400 sample plots (about 500 sample plots for bias), whereas sample plot size has a visible impact on estimation accuracy, which reduces with decreasing sample plot size, regardless of the number of sample plots. If it is about precision, results showed that the influence of a single selection to be relevant only below 300-400 plots (about 500 for bias) and the same trend can be observed in each sample plot size variant. The results showed it is possible to strongly reduce the number of ground sample plots (minimum 300- 400), while still maintaining decent accuracy and precision levels, at least in similarly investigated forest conditions.

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Zmiana ilości wprowadzonej energii ultradźwięków do osadów ściekowych w zależności od zawartości w nich suchej masy

Parkitna K., Kowalczyk M., Krzemińska D.

Rocznik Ochrona Środowiska

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2013

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Tom 15, cz. 3

2039--2053

EN

Despite of many studies on the use of ultrasonic disintegration for sewage sludge conditioning, have not yet been generally accepted indicators to choose the best parameters of used ultrasound to assist in the process of dewatering sludge. Still the most important issue is to adjust proper quantities of introduced energy depending on the characteristic parameters of sewage sludge. The publication presents the results of studies which purpose was to determine the relation of ultrasound energy introduced during sonification of sewage sludge with variable contents of their dry mass. Based on the survey and after analysis of the results, we can conclude that the amount of ultrasound energy introduced into the sewage sludge depends strictly on the content of their dry mass. Together with the increase of dry matter content, grows the amount of energy introduced into sludge. Regardless of the used disintegrator’s power for sonification, for each analyzed amplitude, together with increasing exposure time, density of energy increased nonlinearly. For sludge treated sonification at a specific time, value of this parameter was also changing nonlinearly to the size of used amplitude. The greater the value of the amplitude, the quantity of energy introduced had higher values.

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Zastosowanie reakcji Fentona do wspomagania biologicznego oczyszczania ścieków z przemysłu mleczarskiego

Krzemińska D., Neczaj E., Parkitna K.

Rocznik Ochrona Środowiska

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2013

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Tom 15, cz. 3

2381--2397

EN

The dairy industry is one of the most polluting of industries, not only in terms of the volume of efﬂuent generated, but also in terms of its characteristics as well. The composition of waste water produced in the milk processing plants depends primarily on the type of production (such as ﬂuid milk, butter, cheese, buttermilk, whey, yogurt, condensed milk, ﬂavored milk, milk powder, ice cream, etc.). The factors influencing the composition and charge of waste water are the raw materials used, level of technology plant, cleaning and disinfection processes and the amount of water used. Still increased pollution, combined with increased industrial activity and increasingly restrictive laws concerning discharges, focuses on the problem of optimal industry wastewater treatment. High concentration of organic matter in dairy wastewater causes problems with their removal in biological methods. Combining advanced oxidation process (AOP) and biological process has received attention in recent years as a promising alternative for industrial wastewater treatment. Among biological treatment processes the sequencing batch reactor (SBR) have been widely applied for treating dairy wastewater. The advantages of this technology can include high flexibility and ease of adaptation of operating parameters. Sequencing batch reactor is the name given to wastewater treatment systems based on activated sludge, operated on a sequence changes of anaerobic and aerobic conditions in one reactor. Using AOP pretreatment is important to improve the biodegradability and produce an effluent that can be treated biologically These processes involve the generation of highly free radicals, mainly hydroxyl radical (HO) via chemical, photochemical and photocatalytic reactions. One of the most important AOP process is Fenton reaction. Effectiveness of Fenton reaction has been confirmed in the case of pharmaceutical wastewater, treatment of brines or treatment of paper pulp manufacturing effluents. The oxidation system based on the Fenton’s reagent (hydrogen peroxide in the presence of a ferrous salt under acidic conditions) has been used for the treatment of both organic and inorganic substances of the wastewater stream. The present study was aimed to treat the dairy wastewater by Fenton’s process and an aerobic sequencing batch reactor. The ﬁrst part of this study examined the effect of operating conditions on Fenton`s process pretreatment of dairy wastewater. The effectiveness of the AOP pretreatment was assessed by evaluating wastewater biodegradability enhancement (BOD5/COD), as well as monitoring major pollutant concentrations (COD) with reaction time. The optimum dose Fe2+ and H2O2 was found to be 1.2 and 2.0 g/L, respectively. In a single biological treatment the average removal efficiencies of COD, and NH4+ were 67%, and 61%, respectively. Integration of Fenton`s process and biological treatment resulted in 93% removal of COD and 79% NH4+ from the dairy wastewater. The results indicated that the combined process would be a promising alternative for the treatment of dairy wastewater.

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Zastosowanie reakcji Fentona w technologii osadów ściekowych

Kowalczyk M., Kamizela T., Parkitna K., Milczarek M.

Zeszyty Naukowe. Inżynieria Środowiska / Uniwersytet Zielonogórski

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2011

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Nr 141 (21)

98-112

PL

Przedstawiona publikacja stanowi przegląd literatury dotyczącej wykorzystania reakcji Fentona w technologii osadów ściekowych. Zastosowanie pogłębionego utleniania daje możliwości usuwania zanieczyszczeń jak również polepszenia charakterystyki technologicznej osadów. Reakcja Fentona może stanowić efektywny czynnik kondycjonujący zarówno osady komunalne jak i przemysłowe przed odwadnianiem. Zaobserwowano wyraźne zmiany w strukturze osadów, ich właściwościach technologicznych i reologicznych, które w istotny sposób podnoszą efektywność filtracji plackowej osadów. Ponadto kombinacja odczynnika Fentona z propagacją fali ultradźwiękowej może potęgować efekt degradacji zanieczyszczeń oraz koagulacji rozumianej jako dezintegracja i kondycjonowanie osadów ściekowych. Praca naukowa finansowana ze środków budżetowych na naukę w latach 2010-2012 jako projekt badawczy BG 401-407/1.

EN

The presented publication is a review of the literature on the use of the Fenton reaction in the technology of sewage sludge. Application of advanced oxidation provides opportunities for pollution reduction and improvement of the technological characteristics of the sediments. Fenton reaction may be an effective factor in conditioning both municipal sludge and industrial purposes against dehydration. It was observed a marked change in the sediment structure, their technological and rheological properties, which significantly improve the efficiency of sludge filtration cakes. In addition, the combination of Fenton reagent with the propagation of ultrasonic waves can enhance the degradation effect of pollution and coagulation understood as the disintegration and conditioning of sewage sludge. Scientific work financed from the budget for science in the years 2010-2012 as a research project BG 401-407/10.

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Wpływ kondycjonowania osadów ściekowych polem ultradźwiękowym wspomaganym substancjami chemicznymi na efektywność procesu odwadniania

Kowalczyk M., Parkitna K., Kamizela T.

Inżynieria i Ochrona Środowiska

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2011

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T. 14, nr 1

87-94

PL

Dokonano analizy efektywności odwadniania w procesie filtracji ciśnieniowej osadów ściekowych mieszanych (komunalno-przemysłowych), kondycjonowanych ultradźwiękami, substancjami chemicznymi (popiół, cement, gips, szkło wodne) oraz metodą łączoną wykorzystującą pole ultradźwiękowe + stosowane komponenty. Celem artykułu było wykazanie, że, wykorzystując energię ultradźwięków i substancje chemiczne, można zmienić właściwości osadów ściekowych poprzez zwiększenie wymiarów i zdolności upakowania cząstek, jednocześnie zwiększyć ilość wody wolnej znajdującej się w osadach, poprawiając tym samym efektywność ich odwadniania. Wzrost skuteczności odwadniania mechanicznego uzyskano przez zastosowanie w preparowaniu osadów metod łączonych, wykorzystujących wstępne nadźwiękawianie i dawkowanie substancji chemicznych. Wywołało to określony skutek w postaci obniżenia uwodnienia końcowego oraz zmiany pozostałych parametrów procesu filtracji ciśnieniowej podczas odwadniania osadów ściekowych w odniesieniu do parametrów osadów niepreparowanych, co wykazały uzyskane i przedstawione w artykule wyniki badań.

EN

In the article examines the effectiveness of drainage in the process of pressure filtration of mixed sludge (municipal industrial), conditioned ultrasonic, chemical (ash, cement, gypsum, water glass) and a combined method using ultrasonic field + used components. The aim of this study was to demonstrate that by using ultrasonic energy and chemicals can change the properties of sewage sludge by increasing the size particle density and capacity, while increasing the amount of free water contained in the sludge thereby improving the efficiency of their drainage. Increase the efficiency of sludge mechanical dewatering was obtained by applying combined methods with usage initial sonication and dosage of chemicals. This caused a effect of the final hydration reduction and changes in other parameters of the filtration pressure during dewatering of sewage sludge in relation to the parameters of sludge not having, as shown by the obtained and presented in this paper test results.