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Population dynamics of the main copepod species in the Gulf of Gdańsk (the southern Baltic Sea) : abundance, biomass and production rates

Musialik-Koszarowska M., Dzierzbicka-Głowacka L., Kalarus M., Lemieszek A., Maruszak P., Żmijewska M. I.

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies

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2016

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Vol. 45, No. 2

159--171

EN

The aim of this study was to describe the production biomass and abundance dynamics of the major Baltic calanoid copepods (Acartia spp., Temora longicornis and Pseudocalanus sp.) in the Gulf of Gdańsk (the southern Baltic Sea) during a three-year period from March 2010 to December 2012. the data were collected at six stations located in the western part of the gulf. Acartia spp. was the most abundant taxon throughout the study period. the observed differences in the weighted mean depth for the investigated species were >2 m between nauplii and adults of Acartia spp., >5 m between nauplii and adults of Temora longicornis and 3 m between nauplii and younger copepodites of Pseudocalanus sp. the highest values of the secondary production rates were determined for Acartia spp. − almost 17.55 mg C m-2 d-1 (summer 2011), while Temora longicornis reached 3.80 mg C m-2 d-1 in spring 2010 and Pseudocalanus sp. had the highest secondary production values in summer 2011 − about 1.28 mg C m-2 d-1.

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Pelagic coelenterates in the Atlantic sector of the Arctic Ocean : species diversity and distribution as water mass indicators

Mańko M. K., Panasiuk-Chodnicka A. A., Żmijewska M. I.

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies

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2015

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Vol. 44, No. 4

466--479

EN

Marginal seas of the Arctic Ocean are well recognized as one of the richest ecosystems in the world’s ocean, being at the same time the most vulnerable to climate change. Such vulnerability affects the distribution of water masses, thus influences the pelagic species dispersal and local diversity. For certain reasons some plankton species can be used as indicators of water mass distribution. Although the use of copepods and chaetognaths in such a manner is well documented, still little is known about the potential of pelagic Coelenterata as possible indicator species; they are still poorly investigated in this part of the Arctic Ocean. Therefore, a survey of these gelatinous animals was conducted in a transect between the Norwegian, Greenland, and Barents Seas in summer 2011. A total of 21 taxa were encountered and the most abundant was Aglantha digitale. Species distribution coupled with hydrological analysis of the investigated area enabled us to establish the water mass indicator taxa. Therefore, A. digitale was connected with the Atlantic Water Mass, while Bougainvillia superciliaris and large numbers of ctenophores were correlated with the Arctic Water Mass. The results presented herein may provide the basis for developing new tools to analyze changes in the Arctic Ocean.

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Seasonal variability in the population dynamics of the main mesozooplankton species in the Gulf of Gdańsk (southern Baltic Sea): production and mortality rates

Dzierzbicka-Głowacka L., Kalarus M., Musialik-Koszarowska M., Lemieszek A., Żmijewska M. I.

Oceanologia

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2015

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No. 57 (1)

78--85

EN

This manuscript is a continuation of the results presented in the earlier work by Dzierzbicka-Głowacka et al. (2013). Major purpose of this study is to characterize population dynamics of three major Baltic calanoid copepod species (Acartia spp., Temora longicornis and Pseudocalanus sp.) in the Gulf of Gdańsk during the years 2006–2007. This paper focuses mostly on biomass estimation, production and mortality rates. All three species had the highest observed biomass in summer 2007 and it was 12.62, 9.16 and 0.80 mg C m-3for Acartia spp., T. longicornis and Pseudocalanus sp., respectively, while highest daily production rates for those species were 28.22, 18.47, 1.34 mg C m-2, all recorded in summer 2007. Mortality rates were calculated for all copepodite stages of selected species, and in most cases highest values were observed during summer seasons

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Interannual variability in the population dynamics of the main mesozooplankton species in the Gulf of Gdańsk (southern Baltic Sea): Seasonal and spatial distribution

Dzierzbicka-Głowacka L., Kalarus M., Żmijewska M. I.

Oceanologia

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2013

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No. 55 (2)

409-434

EN

The paper characterizes the population dynamics of the major Baltic calanoid copepod species (Acartia spp., Temora longicornis and Pseudocalanus sp.) in the Gulf of Gdańsk (southern Baltic Sea) from January 2006 to December 2007. The data were collected at six stations (M2, S1, S2, S3, S4, J23) located in the western part of the Gulf of Gdańsk. The objective of this research was to describe and compare the seasonal and spatial distributions of these three major copepod species. Their distributions in the study area are largely similar, although there are some exceptions regarding Pseudocalanus sp. Copepoda development in the Gulf was at its most intense from May to September, peaking in July. The abundance of these species was the least at the shallowest stations. Based on these results, the weighted mean depth WMD per developmental stage was calculated for Pseudocalanus sp., Acartia spp. and T. longicornis. The paper also compares the abundance (in indiv. m-2) of the copepodite stages of these species in two regions of the Baltic Sea (the Gulf of Gdańsk and the Gotland Basin). Except for Pseudocalanus sp., the abundance of these copepodite stages (ΣCII-CVI) in the Gulf of Gdańsk in 2006 was similar to that in the Gotland Basin in the mid-1990s; in spring/summer 2007, however, their abundances were significantly higher (ca 2-4 times) in the former region.

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Parameterisation of a population model for Acartia spp. in the southern Baltic Sea. Part 1. Development time

Dzierzbicka-Głowacka L., Lemieszek A., Żmijewska M.I.

Oceanologia

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2009

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No. 51 (2)

165-184

EN

The copepod model (see Dzierzbicka-Głowacka 2005b), reduced to a zero-dimensional population model (Fennel 2001, Stegert et al. 2007), is calibrated for Acartia spp. under the environmental conditions typical of the southern Baltic Sea. Most of the coefficients used in the model are taken from the literature, containing values from various published studies and parameters derived for similar species. The parameters for growth are presented in Part 1; those for population dynamics are given in Part 2. Ingestion rates, which are dependent on developmental stage, food supply, temperature and weight of the animals, are estimated for Acartia bifilosa at 15°C from the Gdańsk Deep after the experimental data of Ciszewski & Witek (1977). In Part 1 the model presents the change in mean individual mass in successive stages. Quantitative formulae are obtained describing the effects of temperature and food concentration on the development time of Acartia spp. for each of the model stage groups. The generation time during the seasons in the upper layer of the Gdańsk Deep is also determined. The simulations computed here are similar to the experimental results. Part 2 (Dzierzbicka-Głowacka et al. 2009 - this issue) will evaluate egg production as a function of the above-mentioned parameters, temperature and food availability.

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Parameterisation of a population model for Acartia spp. in the southern Baltic Sea. Part 2. Egg production

Dzierzbicka-Głowacka L., Lemieszek A., Żmijewska M.I.

Oceanologia

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2009

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No. 51 (2)

185-201

EN

The paper describes the modelling of egg production in Acartia spp. under changing environmental conditions in the southern Baltic Sea (Gdańsk Deep). The hypothesis (Sekiguchi et al. 1980) that the food-saturated rate of egg matter production is equivalent to specific growth rate of copepods is applied. The average number of eggs produced per day by one Acartia female is obtained as a function of growth rate, i.e. by multiplying exp gN3-1 from the growth rate of the nauplius stage equation by Wfemale / Wegg. The copepod model, reduced to a zero-dimensional population model calibrated for Acartia spp. under the environmental conditions typical of the southern Baltic Sea, was used to determine the effects of temperature and food concentration on the growth rate of each of the model stages (see Part 1 - Dzierzbicka-Głowacka et al. 2009 - this issue). In this part, egg production as a function of the above parameters is evaluated. The rate of reproduction during the seasons in the upper layer of the Gdańsk Deep is also determined.

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Spatio-temporal variability of mesozooplankton from the Gulf of Gdańsk (Baltic Sea) in 1999-2000

Mudrak M., Żmijewska M.I.

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies

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2007

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Vol. 36, No.2

3-19

EN

The spatio-temporal variability of mesozooplankton in the Gulf of Gdańsk was studied using samples collected in the western part of this basin every month in the 1999-2000 period. The investigation indicated that the qualitative composition of zooplankton was typical of this area and was comprised of Copepoda, Cladocera, Rotatoria, Appendicularia, and meroplankton. Acartia bifilosa and Temora longicornis were present permanently, while Cladocera, Acartia tonsa, Centropages hamatus, Eurytemora sp., the genus Keratella, as well as Mollusca and Balanus improvisus larvae exhibited clear preferences for warmer months. Acartia longiremis, Pseudocalanus elongatus, and Fritillaria borealis were encountered in the cooler season (from November to April). Synchaeta spp. dominated among Rotatoria and Polychaeta larvae among meroplankton. The presence of Brachionus calyciflorus indicated the presence and influence of riverine water from the Vistula.

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Predictional model of biocenotic changes in offshore baltic plankton due to temperature increase

Pliński M., Żmijewska M. I., Sapota M., Witek B., Mudrak S.

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies

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2003

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Vol. 32, No. 3

29-41

EN

Over the last 20 years, more and more reliable data concerning global climate change, mainly climate warming, have become available in the literature. Change such as this has also been documented in the Gulf of Gdańsk. Climate change has an influence on aquatic ecosystems and especially their biocoenoses, and plankton is one of its most sensitive ecological fractions. Positive and negative statistical correlation in the exclusive relationship between the quantity of plankton groups and water temperature has been observed. When time was applied as a factor, only the annual increments of the blue-green algae correlation were statistically significant, and the regression equation calculated in this paper was applied to predict a rise in the population number of this algae in response to increasing temperature. It was not possible to perform this calculation with the other plankton components.

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The seasonal and short-term variability of zooplankton taxonomic composition in the shallow coastal area of the Gulf of Gdańsk

Bielecka L., Gaj M., Mudrak S., Żmijewska M. I.

Oceanological Studies

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2000

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Vol. 29, No. 1

57-76

EN

Seasonal and short-term variability of zooplankton taxonomic composition in the shallow coastal area of the Gulf of Gdansk was reconstructed from analyses of material collected at weekly intervals between March 1998 and March 1999, using a Kopenhagen net with a 50 ľm-mesh size. Water temperature was also measured during the investigations, which enabled precise monitoring of the seasonality in the area. The contribution of a particular species and its density varied seasonally and, in the majority of cases, even weekly. On the one hand, the diversity and instability of particular zooplankton components were observed; on the other hand, though, the long-term presence and domination of species commonly inhabiting the waters of the Gulf of Gdansk (Acartia spp.) were confirmed to be independent of environmental conditions, especially, temperature. Frequent plankton catches resulted in identification of periods of fast qualitative changes within zooplankton and precise definition of the time when a particular taxon occurs. The time of dominance in major taxonomic zooplankton groups lasted: Tintinnina - 17 weeks, Rotatoria - 9 weeks, Copepoda - 2 weeks. Cladocera never was a dominant taxon.

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Seasonal and diel changes in the vertical distribution in relation to the age structure of Microcalanus pygmaeus Sars and Ctenocalanus citer Bowman & Heron, (Pseudocalanidae, Copepoda) from Croker Passage (Antarctic Peninsula)

Żmijewska M. I., Bielecka L., Grabowska A.

Oceanologia

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2000

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No. 42 (1)

89-103

EN

The development of two representatives of Pseudocalanidae and the nature of their population distribution in the water column were investigated on the basis of plankton samples collected over three seasons in night-day series in Croker Passage. The investigations showed that the two species begin reproducing in different seasons. Regardless of season, the growth of M. pygmaeus is more advanced than that of C. citer. Both species are characterised by a separation of their populations in the water column. The youngest copepodite stages (I-III) inhabit the upper portion of the water in which the given species occurs, while the oldest specimens, especially males, inhabit the deepest waters. Additionally, the first growth phases (CI-CIII) show a tendency to concentrate closer to the surface at night.

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Abundance and species composition of plankton in the Gulf of Gdansk near the planned underwater outfall of the Gdansk-Wschod (Gdansk-East) sewage treatment plant

Żmijewska M. I., Niemkiewicz E., Bielecka L.

Oceanologia

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2000

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No. 42 (3)

335-357

EN

The aim of this paper is to determine the current biological state of life in the pelagic zone of the Gulf of Gdansk in relation to the planned start-up of an underwater outfall which will discharge sewage from the Gdansk-Wschod (Gdansk-East) sewage treatment plant. The plankton material was collected during two research cruises in July and October 1998. The samples were taken at 15 stations in four profiles located near Wyspa Sobieszewska (Sobieszewo Island), perpendicular to the coastline. Both the taxonomic and numerical structure of phytoplankton and zooplankton were typical of the coastal area of the Gulf of Gdansk. The species diversity depends on hydrological conditions, mainly input from the River Wisla (Vistula). The abundance and biomass of phytoplankton in 1998 were several times lower than in 1994 and 1995 in the area off Gorki Wschodnie, the profile located closest to the planned construction site. This could have been caused by generally lower temperatures in 1998 in comparison to previous years. In the investigated area only traces of algal eutrophication indicator species were noted. However, potentially toxic species were confirmed and were most abundant near the Wisla mouth. The highest concentrations of pelagic fauna occur in the shallowest area closest to the shoreline. Long-term observations of the dynamics of the variations in abundance and species composition indicate the increasing significance of one particular species - Acartia bifilosa.

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A new predatory cladoceran Cercopagis (Cercopagis) pengoi (Ostroumov 1891) in the Gulf of Gdańsk

Bielecka L., Żmijewska M. I., Szymborska A.

Oceanologia

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2000

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No. 42 (3)

371-374

EN

Cercopagis pengoi, a species native to the Ponto-Caspian area, was recorded for the first time in the Baltic Sea in the Gulf of Riga and in the open Gulf of Finland in 1992. Sampling in the shallow coastal area of the western part of the Gulf of Gdansk at weekly intervals between April 1999 and April 2000 revealed the presence of C. pengoi in the zooplankton community. The species was recorded twice, at densities of 1369 indiv. m-3 on 30 July 1999 and 421 indiv. m-3 on 5 August 1999, when the water temperature was at its maximum, in excess of 21.7C and 23.9C respectively. C. pengoi had never been recorded in the Gulf of Gdansk prior to 1999.

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The time-space variability of Copepoda from the Pseudocalanidae family in Croker Passage (Antarctic Peninsula)

Żmijewska M. I., Bielecka L., Grabowska A.

Oceanological Studies

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1999

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Vol. 28, No. 3-4

75-84

EN

Owing to their large numbers, small Calanoida from the Pseudocalanidae family constitute a significant element of zooplankton in seas and oceans. In Croker Passage, which is in the coastal zone of the Antarctic Peninsula, this family is represented by Microcalanus pygmaeus and Ctenocalanus citer. These species are characterized by a distinct seasonal variability in numbers and by the way they inhabit the water column. M. pygmaeus occurs five to six times more frequently than C. citer, and both species are far more abundant in summer than in winter. In summer they occur in the upper part of the mesopelagic zone, while in winter they move to greater depths. However, C. citer occurs more often than M. pygmaeus in the upper layers of the water column, regardless of season.