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1

Docent Jadwiga Sławińska – Honorowa Profesor Politechniki Wrocławskiej

Widera B., Kościuk J., Czerner R.

Architectus

|

2018

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Nr 1 (53)

111--118

PL

W tekście przedstawiono zarys niezwykłej historii życia i twórczości Profesor Jadwigi Sławińskiej, od chwili urodzin w Łodzi, poprzez dramatyczną ucieczkę z getta i trudne losy w czasach powojennych, aż po wybitne sukcesy na polu naukowym i dydaktycznym, odnoszone w latach, które poświęciła pracy na uczelni. Jadwiga Sławińska ukończyła studia architektoniczne i filozoficzne, była powszechnie szanowaną badaczką historii i teorii architektury współczesnej, a także twórczynią nowej szkoły estetyki architektury uprawianej jako dział teorii kultury. Dla swoich studentów i doktorantów na zawsze pozostanie ukochaną Nauczycielką i Mistrzynią. W artykule zaprezentowano najważniejsze spośród osiągnięć naukowych i dydaktycznych Profesor Sławińskiej. Osobiste wspomnienia o tej znakomitej postaci świata akademickiego dołączyli uczniowie, współpracownicy i przyjaciele Pani Profesor.

EN

This paper presents an outline of the unusual history of the life and work of Professor Jadwiga Sławińska, from the moment of her birth in Łódź, through her dramatic escape from the ghetto and difficult fate in post-war reality, up to the outstanding success in the field of scientific and didactic achievements, related to the years that she devoted to the university work. Jadwiga Sławińska graduated in architectural and philosophical studies. She was a widely respected researcher of the history and theory of contemporary architecture as well as the creatress of a new school of architectural aesthetics practiced as a field of the theory of culture. For her students and PhD candidates she will always be a beloved teacher. The article describes the most important scientific and didactic achievements of Professor Sławińska. Personal memories about this excellent personality from the academic community were shared by students, associates and friends of Madam Sławińska.

2

Monumentalizm odzyskany, czyli anastyloza filarowych funeralnych pomników z Mariny El-Alamein

Czerner R.

Architectus

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2015

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Nr 3(43)

5--12

PL

Filarowe grobowce, datowane na II w. p.n.e.–I w. n.e., są najbardziej charakterystycznymi zabytkami hellenistyczno-rzymskiego miasta odkrytego na stanowisku Marina El-Alamein w Egipcie. Wyjątkowo silną ekspresję, mimo stosunkowo niedużych rozmiarów, osiągały one dzięki szczególnej koncepcji architektonicznej. Polega ona na przedstawieniu kompletnego architektonicznego porządku w postaci pojedynczego filara lub kolumny. Jej analogie są sporadyczne. Formy dekoracji grobowców są hellenistyczne, mają rodowód aleksandryjski i wiązać je należy z początkowym okresem antycznego miasta. Ich specyficzne uproszczenie i geometryczna stylizacja wzmagają architektoniczną ekspresję. Spośród kilku odkrytych w latach 1987–1994 przez Polską Misję Archeologiczną Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego, odsłoniętych jako całkowicie zwalone, pięć zrekonstruowano metodą anastylozy przez kolejne polsko-egipskie misje konserwatorskie. Dzięki monumentalności są uważane dziś za główne zabytki stanowiska archeologicznego. W artykule przedstawiono historię odkrycia pomników, ideę ich architektonicznej formy i poszukiwania jej rodowodu. Omówiono kwestię anastylozy tych zabytków.

EN

The pillar tombs, dated back from 2nd century BC to 1st century, are the most characteristic monuments of the city from the Hellenistic Roman period excavated on the site of modern Marina El-Alamein in Egypt. Despite relatively small sizes, they achieved exceptionally strong expression thanks to the particular architectural concept. It is based on presentation of a complete architectural order in the form of a single pillar or column. Its analogues are rare. Forms of the tombs decoration are Hellenistic; they are of Alexandrian origin and should be associated to the initial period of the development of the ancient city. Their particular simplification and geometric stylization enhance the architectural expression. Among few discovered in the years 1987–1994 by the Polish Archaeological Mission of the University of Warsaw and unearthed as completely collapsed, five have been reconstructed by the anastylosis by successive Polish-Egyptian conservation missions. Thanks to their monumentality they are considered today to be the main monuments of the archaeological site. The article presents the history of the discovery of monuments, the idea of their architectural form, and attempts to find its origin. Questions of anastylosis of the monuments were discussed.

3

Pomnik komemoratywny Kommodusa z domu H21c w Marinie El-Alamein

Czerner R., Medeksza S.

Wiadomości Konserwatorskie

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2008

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Nr 23

17--35

PL

Jednym z najbardziej niezwykłych reliktów architektonicznych, mających wyjątkowo dekoracyjną formę, jest pomnik komemoratywny poświęcony Komodusowi odkryty w domu H21c w trakcie wykopalisk w Marina El-Alamein. Dom ten znajduje się w północnej części miasta, niedaleko centrum. Został znaleziony podczas wykopalisk ratowniczych w Egipcie w późnych latach 80. XX w. Działania polsko-egipskiej misji archeologicznej rozpoczęły się na tym obszarze w 2000 roku. Fragmenty pomnika były stopniowo odkrywane od samego początku wykopalisk. W roku 2007 misja ukończyła anastylozę oraz częściową rekonstrukcję pomnika komemoratywnego. Ta praca zakończyła projekt rozpoczęty w roku 2001 i stopniowo kontynuowany w ciągu kilku następnych sezonów. Pomnik znajduje się w Sali głównej domu H21c, usytuowanej na głównej osi na południe od głównego dziedzińca. Został dodany do .ściany zachodniej i ustawiony na istniejącej już posadzce. Część pomnika zachowana in situ obejmowała .ściany cokołu, które zajmowały dwa kwadratowe „sześciany” o wymiarach 425 × 198 cm i wysokości 71 cm. Inne odkryte relikty obejmowały liczne dekorowane elementy architektoniczne: fragment bębnów kolumn, gzyms z zębnikami, kapitel pseudokorynckiej kolumny w stylizowanej formie typowej dla Mariny, i podobny do kwadratowego pilastra. Wszystkie te elementy miały zbliżone wymiary, co dowodziło, że pochodziły z jednej niezbyt wysokiej konstrukcji. Szczególnie interesujący jest otynkowany bęben kolumny pomalowany w kwiatowe motywy, odkryty w 2001 roku. Został on wkrótce poddany konserwacji dla celów przyszłej wystawy muzealnej. Znaleziskami, które pozwoliły na zinterpretowanie wszystkich reliktów jako części pomnika komemoratywnego, były dwie częściowo zachowane marmurowe tablice z fragmentami greckiej inskrypcji, odkryte w 2000 roku, tuż nad podłogą sali. Inskrypcja jest wyryta na cynowej (?) bocznej powierzchni tablic. Jej interpretacja zaprezentowana przez Adama Łajtara pokazuje, że inskrypcja opisywała pomnik komemoratywny poświęcony Komodusowi (a tak- że w pewnym sensie jego formę), co pozwala na bardzo precyzyjne datowanie go na lata 180-191 A.D., a najprawdopodobniej na lata 180-183 A.D. Układ pomnika został zrekonstruowany na podstawie analizy zachowanych elementów architektonicznych oraz studiów porównawczych. Na cokole cztery kolumny tworzyły kiedy. portyk wraz z dwoma wbudowanymi kwadratowymi pilastrami na tylnej ścianie. Pierwotnie każda kolumna składała się z czterech bębnów, z których trzy dolne mierzyły po 53 cm wysokości, a ostatni z wierzchu 45 cm wysokości; średnica bębnów wahała się od 31 cm przy podstawie do 29 cm pod kapitelem. Zatem kolumny mierzyły 267,75 cm wysokości, co równa się dokładnie 17 modułom, z których każdy był równy połowie .średnicy przy podstawie. Kolumny nie były zwieńczone belkowaniem, lecz tylko związane drewnianymi belkami tuż pod kapitelem. Architrawy dwóch fascii i gzyms z zębnikami powyżej, ale bez żadnego fryzu pomiędzy, były jedynie wbudowane w tylną .ścianę i powyżej engaged pilastrów. Według tej teoretycznej rekonstrukcji została wykonana rzeczywista anastyloza zachowanych elementów, jak i częściową rekonstrukcja portyku i cokołu. Objęła ona trzy z czterech kolumn i jeden wbudowany w ścianę pilaster. Dwie kolumny i pilaster zostały odbudowane do pełnej wysokości (jeden kapitel kolumny zrekonstruowano), trzecia kolumna tylko do jednej czwartej wysokości, a z czwartej kolumny i pozostałego pilastra zostały zrekonstruowane tylko bazy. Znaczna część ściany również została odrestaurowana jako tło dla pomnika. To pozwoliło na zrekonstruowanie i umieszczenie na niej i na pilastrze architrawu z nowego bloku wapienia. Nastepnie umieszczono na architrawie oryginalne elementy zębnikowego gzymsu.

EN

One of the most remarkable architectural relics discovered at the site of Marina El-Alamein and having very decorative form is the Commemorative Monument to Commodus in the house H21c. This house is located in the northern part of the town near its centre. It was found during the safeguarding Egyptian excavations in the late 1980s. The activities of the Polish-Egyptian Preservation Mission started in this area in 2000. The vestiges of the monument had been progressively uncovered since the very beginning of the excavations. In 2007, the Mission completed anastylosis and partial reconstruction of the Commemorative Monument. This work finished the project which started already in 2001, and which progressed gradually over the past few seasons. The Monument is located in the main hall of house H21c, situated in its main axis south of the central courtyard. It was added to its western wall on the already existing paved floor. The part of the monument preserved in situ consisted of the walls of the podium, occupying two square “cubicles” measuring 425 × 198 cm, and 71 cm high. Other discovered relics included numerous decorated architectural elements: fragments of column drums, cornice with dentils, a column capital of pseudo-Corinthian stylized form typical of Marina, and a similar one of a square pilaster. All these elements correspond in size, proving they derive from one, not very high structure. Particularly interesting is a plastered column drum covered with painted floral decoration, excavated in 2001. It soon underwent conservation for future museum exhibition. The findings that allowed the interpretation of all the relics as parts of a commemorative monument were two fragmentarily preserved marble plaques with fragments of a Greek inscription, discovered in 2000, just above the hall floor. The inscription is carved on the tin side surface of the plaques. Its interpretation, presented by Adam Lajtar, shows that the inscription described a Commemorative Monument to Commodus (also in a way its form) and it allows for a very precise dating back to the years 180-191 A.D., and most probably 180-183 A.D. The arrangement of the monument was reconstructed basing on the analysis of preserved architectural elements and comparative studies. On the podium four columns had once formed a portico together with two engaged square pilasters in the back wall. Originally, each of the columns consisted of four drums, the three bottom ones 53 cm high, the last one on top 45 cm high; the diameter of these drums varied from 31 cm at the bottom to 29 cm at the capital. Columns were thus 267.75 cm high that is exactly 17 modules, each equalling half of the diameter at the base. The columns were not surmounted by entablature, but only tied together by wooden beams just beneath the capitals. The architraves of two fasciae and cornice with dentils above, but no frieze in between, were only built in the back wall and above the engaged pilasters. According to this theoretic reconstruction, the actual anastylosis of the preserved elements, and thus partial reconstruction of the portico and the podium, has been carried out. It included three of four columns and one engaged pilaster. Two columns and a pilaster have been re-erected to the full height (one column capital reconstructed), the third column only to one-fourth of its height, and only the bases have been reconstructed of the fourth column and the other pilaster. A substantial part of the wall has also been restored as a backdrop for this monument. This permitted an architrave made of new limestone to be reconstructed on it and the pilaster. Original elements of the dentil cornice were then mounted on the architrave.

4

Marina El-Alamein. Polsko-egipska misja konserwatorska

Medeksza S., Czerner R., Zambrzycki P., Fuks-Rembisz I.

Wiadomości Konserwatorskie

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2007

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Nr 22

10--18

PL

W okresie od 15 kwietnia do 30 maja 2007 roku, w Marina El-Alamein, na terenie wczesnorzymskiego miasta, trzynasty sezon pracowała polsko-egipska misja konserwatorska w składzie: Stanisław Medeksza, Rafał Czerner, Wiesław Grzegorek i Małgorzata Krawczyk-Szczerbińska - architekci, Grażyna Bąkowska i Monika Więch - archeolodzy, Piotr Zambrzycki Joanna Lis i Irma Fuks- Rembisz - konserwatorzy kamienia i rzeźby, Janusz Skoczylas i Małgorzata Mrozek-Wysocka - geolodzy. Stronę egipską reprezentował dyrektor Marina El-Alamein Mahmud Jasin, inspektorka Nama Sanad Yakoub oraz konserwator Achmed Rashad Ahmed, którym składamy podziękowania i słowa uznania za pomoc, jaką starali się okazywać nam w czasie trwania sezonu.

EN

In the period from 15 April to 30 May 2007, at the Marina El-Alamein, in the Early City, thirteenth season worked Polish-Egyptian mission Conservation composed Stanislaw Medeksza, Rafal Czerner Wieslaw Grzegorek and Małgorzata Krawczyk-Szczerbinska - architects, Grazyna Bąkowska and Monika Więch - archaeologists, Peter Zambrzycki Joanna Fox and Irma Fuks-Rembisz - stone and sculpture conservators Janusz Skoczylas and Margaret Mrozek-Wysocka - geologists. Egyptian Party was represented by director Marina El-Alamein, Mahmoud Yasin, Provincial Nama Sanad Yakoub and restorer Ahmed Rashad Ahmed, which our thanks and words of appreciation for the help I have tried to show us during the season.

5

Konserwacja rzeźbiarskich i monumentalnych elementów architektury w Marinie El-Alamein w Egipcie

Czerner R.

Wiadomości Konserwatorskie

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2005

|

Nr 17

54--67

6

Nisze z antycznych domów w Marinie el-Alamein. Przykłady zastosowania aleksandryjskich form architektonicznych

Czerner R.

Architectus

|

2002

|

Nr 1(11)

7--21

PL

Prezentowane opracowanie stanowi część szerzej zakrojonych studiów nad tak zwanym aleksandryjskim, antycznym detalem architektonicznym. Podjąłem je na terenie wykopaliskowym w Marinie, niedaleko el-Alamein, w północnym Egipcie, gdzie od kilkunastu lat są prowadzone przez polskie i egipskie misje badania archeologiczne i konserwacja reliktów hellenistycznego miasta i nekropolii1. Osada, której relikty odkryto w Marinie, jest identyfikowana na podstawie antycznych opisów wybrzeża Morza Śródziemnego z miastem Leucaspis i portem Antiphrae [5, s. 14-16], [12, s. 108-118]. Na podstawie znalezisk oraz wyników badań sądzić można, że funkcjo-nowała ona w długim okresie od II w. p.n.e. do VI w. n.e. [3, s. 12], [10, s. 5]. Domy mieszkalne, w ich głównej masie, w najstarszej fazie roboczo można datować na koniec I i na II wiek [8, s. 117-154], chociaż są również znajdowane nieliczne relikty pochodzące z czasów wcześniejszych. Później, chociaż niewiele zmieniało to ich układy, również domy były przebudowywane. Czas powstania struktur, w których były umieszczone opisywane nisze, jest jednak określany na koniec II i na III stulecie. Podobnie na 2. połowę II wieku lub początek III stulecia jest określany na podstawie stylistyki czas wykonania polichromii, która pokrywała wnętrze jednej z nisz.

EN

Studies of the antique socalled Alexandrian architectonic detail, are the subject of this article. The results of these studies, in the area of archeological excavations in Marina near El-Alamain in north Egypt, have been presented. They were carried out on the examples of wall niches (aedicula), situated in representative accommodations, called an andron, of antique Greek-Roman houses. In Marina, relics of five such niches were found, variously preserved and allowing reconstruction in different degrees. A sixth niche is known to have existed. The architectonic setting of the niches was created by elements of the Corinthian order in its particular modification, described as Alexandrian. Simplification and stylization is characteristic to it. The architectonic detail stylized in this manner was earlier called Nabataean. This was due to the discovery of the first examples in Petra (the land of the Nabataeans). The special architectonic order occurring there is still the Nabataean. It also appears in Marina, in Cyprus and in the region of Alexandria. However, more frequent in those places is the occurrence of three similarly stylized, different orders. They correspond to the classic Doric, Ionic and Corinthian orders. It is lately believed that Alexandria and the neighbouring region was the centre where these forms took shape. Hence, the definition of these orders as Doric, Ionic and Corinthian in the Alexandrian modification. The framework of the niches described was executed in the Corinthian order. These niches being small objects, on the borderline between sculpture and architecture, allow us almost complete reconstruction. This is why they constitute a better material for studies on the arrangement and architectonic proportions of an order than objects of a larger scale and more monumental. Such are, for exampie, the columns and other portico elements only partly preserved in Marina. After finding the elements of a complete aedicula and its reconstruction, studies aiming at recreating the canon of construction of the Alexandrian-Corinthian order were undertaken by the author, in the years 1999-2000. For a more convincing recreation of these rules an analysis of more than one object is necessary. It has been conducted in this article. The proportions of several niches and individual elements of portico columns have been compared. All the niches compared had an almost identical architectonic arrangement of the framework. On either side, on the sill, were placed attached columns, which stood out from the wall face. From the interior side of the niche each column had a flat pilaster of the same height and properties. On the capitals of the attached columns and pilasters and inside the niches, against the wall, rested architraves. In plan they had the shape of a horseshoe embracing the aedicula from three sides. Above the architraves there were no friezes, apart from one niche. Higher up, were mouldings. They ran around the niche, repeating with their outline the architraves' arrangement. On the bottom surfaces of the mouldings, extending beyond the architraves, a stylized decoration was placed. It had the form of simplified consoles or an offset profile composed of such consoles, squares and sometimes rhombs. One of the niches had a moulding of classic forms. The edges of the tympanums rested on the outer, extreme sections of the mouldings. They were triangular or arched. The comparison of the niches' proportions showed that they all had the same ratio of attached columns' height to the diameter of their base and to the width of the niche. The height of the attached columns was nine times the diameter of the base and equal to the whole framework of the aedicula. The ratio of their height to the distance between thtm was also constant for all the niches described. This was not dependent on their size. The distance between the largest and the smallest niche differed fivefold. Obviously, there must have existed a canon of constructing the architectonic order, which created the niches' framework. Such a canon also existed in the classic Corinthian order. It has been described by Vitruvius and comparison with his description was the basis of reconstructing of the Alexandrian-Corinthian canon. This canon, as it appears, was not always fully respected. Sometimes, in small objects, an attempt was made to make up for the small proportions of the whole by increasing the size of certain elements. It was so in the case of the aedicula from the house denoted as H10, reconstructed in the years 1999-2000. Proportions of the orders creating the settings of the other niches are more regular, very near to the classic, Vitruvian proportions and recurring in all of them, A drawn reconstruction presents the theoretical measurements of the canon of the Alexandrian-Corinthian order.

7

Aedicula z domu H10 w Marinie el-Alamein w Egipcie. Analiza architektoniczna, rekonstrukcja

Czerner R.

Architectus

|

2000

|

Nr 2(8)

3-14

PL

Wiosną 1998 roku, na terenie wykopaliskowym w Marinie el-Alamein, podczas odsłaniania reliktów domu oznaczonego jako H10, co miało stanowić przygotowanie do przyszłych prac konserwatorskich, wykonano uzupełniające badania archeologiczne. Ich terenem była grupa po-mieszczeń, tzw. andronitis, w południowej części domu, a zwłaszcza największe z nich -andron. W nim, przy południowej ścianie, był pozostawiony, nie eksplorowany dotychczas zasyp, który służył wcześniej jako rampa transportowa podczas uprzednio prowadzonych wykopalisk. Podczas starannej eksploracji tego zasypu odnaleziono relikty zawalonej niszy oraz in situ jej parapet, wmurowany w pozostałość południowej ściany pomieszczenia (ryc. 1). Odkryte bogate fragmenty figuralnego malarstwa, jakim była pokryta tylna ściana niszy wskazują, że miała ona charakter kultowy.

EN

During supplementary archeological investigations of the house marked as H10, in the area of excavation in Marina el-Alam-ain, the relics of a collapsed aedicula were found in the Spring of 1998. They came from the wall of the so-called andron in the south part of the house. The rich fragments of figural painting, which covered the back wall of the niche, show that its character was ritualistic. On the basis of the painting's style it is initially presumed that the niche together with the painting most probably comes from the second half of the 2nd century or from the beginning of the third, at the latest. Almost a full assembly of elements of the stone framework of the niche has been found - this enables its theoretical reconstruction as well as a real anastylosis. The architectonic framing of the niche was in the form of the Corinthian order in its special modification, the so-called Nabata-ean order. Elements of such order were found in Petra (the name comes from there - in the land of the Nabataeans). It is so different from all classic architectonic orders that it has been called the Nabataean order. Its most characteristic element is the capital of very singular forms. Pilasters of such kind adorn the column tombs of necropolises in Marina. Here, however, three very simple orders were used much more often, similar in detail and character of stylization which may be defined as: Doric, Ionic and Corinthian in the^abataean modification. The aedicula found in Marina in the house H10 had Nabataean-Corinthian forms. There are indications that this decoration was slightly modified. At least two or maybe even three phases can be destingu-ished. The forms of decoration of the latest one were close to those of the clasic Corinthian order. Thi decoration was however only a plaster-work covering the older stone sculptured elements. The form of the framework in both phases remained the same. On a prominent parapet wall supported by a high cyma there rose two attached columns which stood out from the wall face. From the interior side of the niche each column was accompanied by a flat pilaster of the same hight and proportions. Architraves rested on the capitals of the attached columns and pilasters. Their projection had the shape of a horseshoe, enclosing the aedicula from three sides. There were no friezes above the architraves. The coronas rested directly on them. The contour of the cornices, on the location plan, run all around the niche repeating the form of the architraves. On the underside plane of the corona protruding from the architrave there was a decoration in the form of an offset running profile, creating alternatively consoles of simplified, schematic forms and wider offsets on the plan of a square. Such a decoration is also typical of Nabataean orders. The triangular tym-panon plates rested on the extreme, outer cornice edges. It had the same forms of decoration. It was not crowned by a cyma. On the location plan the tympanon was not of the form of a horseshoe, it created a simple roof covering the whole niche. In its palate, an open shell was placed in the centre. The architectonic detail up till now called Nabataean, often occcurs in the region of Alexandria and Cyprus. Therefore, investigators describing it incline towards calling it Alexandrian. Its numerous occurrence in Marina confirms this thesis. A full recon-struction of the architectonic form of the niche's decoration of the Corinthian-Nabataean order, possible, due to the finding of most elements, created a unique chance to establish the modular proportions of this order. It has been compared here to the classical Vitruvian canon. The starting-point was the recognition of the hight of the columns and pilasters as being equal in proportions to 9 diameters of the base. This proportion is contained within the range accepted by the Corinthian order. However, comparison of further details shows that the order of Marina is much more squat and in fact it departs from the classic canon.

8

Program dekoracji architektoniczno-malarskiej ratusza w Środzie Śląskiej. Badania. Projekt rekonstrukcji

Czerner R., Kociuk J.

Kwartalnik Architektury i Urbanistyki

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1999

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T. 44, z. 3

141-149

EN

During preparations for successive repairs of the town hall in Środa Śląska, architectonic examinations of its elevations were carried out in 1994 and 1995. Owing to this, the mediaeval decoration of the building became known in the shape from the end of the 15th century, as well as its rich polychromy. They finally became uncovered and partly reconstructed in the years 1996-1997. The Gothic town hall was a two-storeyed brick building, built on the plan of an overturned letter "L" and covered by steep roofs. Its shorter arm was the north wing, while the longer one constituted the east wing with its gable towards the south. A tower adjoined the town hall from the west. And so, the building had five elevation. Two of them; the south one of the east wing and the north one opened directly onto the Town Square, the east elevation was soon covered by adjoining buildings. All the elevations were very representative, and especially the south one was richly decorated. In its forming the following may be distinguished: an unsculptured wall of the first floor, a sequence of windows and blind windows of the first flor, an area of crenels under the moulding marking of the offseting gable, two gable storeys, in each of them a series of blind windows with added bows and separated by pilasters and over each gable storey a surmounting crenel. In the upper storey separated from the ground floor by a frieze, painted on a strip of plaster and with a moulding, there was a series of alternative blind windows and windows (three blind windows and two windows). The original Gothic windows have not been preserved. Rectangular, four-field blind windows have been formed of brick shapes, covered by thin plaster and painting decoration. The blind window polychromies presented glanzing imitation. These were of round shapes or a diagonal grill of divisions. The particular areas were of the following colours: ochre, deep-red, light-green or black. In the extreme, lower casements of the outermost blind windows, instead of glazing imitation double folding shutters were painted. The motive in east blind window is unique. It is a likeness of a man holding a book and a sword with its point turned downwards. This is an element of the iconographic programme which may be allied with the tribute payed to the rules of Silesia by the burghers. Higher, in the gable, four blind windows, and over them further two, shaped only in the central part of the elevation and decorated in the same manner as those of the first storey. They were painted, however, purely in the imitation of glazing. The faces of pilasters and gable walls were also decorated, painted in imitations of tracery. On the remaining elevations of the town hall we find forms which in the most rich assemblage are found on the best examined south elevation. The other elevations were much more simple, the north elevation had relatively the most developed decoration.

9

Konserwacja grecko-rzymskiej osady w Marinie el-Alamein

Czerner R., Medeksza S.

Architectus

|

1999

|

Nr 2(6)

13--20

PL

W 1986 roku w Egipcie, w miejscu zwanym dzisiaj Mariną, niedaleko el-Alamein, zostały odkryte pozostałości antycznego miasta (ryc. 1), które wraz z nekropolą funkcjonowało od II wieku p.n.e. do III wieku n.e [1, s. 12]. Nazywało się prawdopodobnie, co wciąż jeszcze pozostaje do udowodnienia, bądź Leucaspis, bądź Anti-phrae. Od czasu odkrycia na terenie miasta i nekropoli są prowadzone poszukiwania archeologiczne. Badania architektury miejskiej prowadził zespół egipskich archeologów z aleksandryjskiego oddziału Rady Antyczności, kierowany przez Mohammeda Ali Abd el-Razka. Eksplorację zachodniej nekropoli prowadzi pod kierunkiem prof. Wiktora A. Daszewskiego misja archeologiczna Polskiego Centrum Archeologii Śródziemnomorskiej Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego. Równolegle do prac wykopaliskowych Polskie Centrum Archeologii sponsorowało w latach 1988-1993 kolejne misje konserwatorskie: najpierw prowadzone przez arch. Włodzimierza Bentkowskiego, następnie jako wspólne polsko-egipskie misje pod kierunkiem arch. Jarosława Dobrowolskiego.

EN

In 1986 at the location of today's Marina El-Alamcin vestiges of the ancient town were discovered, that along with the necropolis functioned from the 2nd c. BC to the 3rd c. AD. Its name, still to be proven beyond a doubt, was presumably Lcucaspis or Antiphrac. The area has been explored archaeologically since its discovery. The urban architecture has been investigated by a team of Egyptian archaeologists from the Alexandrian division of the Supreme Council for Antiquities, directed by Mohammed Ali Abd cl-Razck. Explorations of the western necropolis arc conducted by an archaeological mission from the Polish Centre of Archaeology of Warsaw University, directed by Wiktor A. Daszewski. Parallel with the excavations, the Polish Centre has sponsored successive conservation missions in the years 1988-1993. First, under the supervision of architect Włodzimierz Bentkowski, then as a joint Polish-Egyptian mission directed by architect Jarosław Dobrowolski. In 1995 the Polish-Egyptian Mission for Conservation, directed by Stanisław Mcdcksza began to work. The necropolis. Successive missions for conservation, directed by Dobrowolski, concentrated upon the reconstruction of the complex of columnar tomb monuments discovered by Polish archaeologists on the western necropolis. This spectacular anastylosis was the first conservation actually accomplished at Marina. The three columnar tombs, which were found to have fallen down to pieces, were then reconstructed using the original elements and partly the new stone blocks. The town. Between 1987 and 1995, that is, from the time when relics of two houses, designated as H9 and H9a, were dug up to the moment the Polish-Egyptian mission started conservation works, almost no prevention measures were taken with respect to the buildings. The ruins suffered from extreme devastation as a result of active saline rains and seasonal strong winds carrying abrasive sand that aggressively attacked the stones. This way the documentation for architectural conservation prepared by the previous teams was no longer valid. The present mission, working on the conservation of houses in Marina, had to prepare new documentation recording the current state of the fabric. The first interventions were made to elaborate proper methods for the future work. In the next seasons of 1996 and 1997, the large scale works were executed as regards the preservation and conservation of excavated relics. The general objective of these works, apart from the protection of ruins, was to make the plan of the houses comprehensive for future visitors and, where possible, also to include the height and the whole arrangement. The works comprised: 1. Conservation of the existing relics of the walls and their partial reconstruction. A very thorough pointing was necessary in all the walls made of roughly shaped stone pieces, because of the extensive erosion suffered by the joints and wall tops. The walls that were technically sound when excavated, were by the beginning of the conservation in a condition that excluded any hope for preserving the ancient substance in its original form. The only way was to carry out comprehensive rebuilding and building up of the walls to reinforce the structure and to make the houses' functional plans more comprehensive. 2. Reconstruction of wall niches. In many rooms of the house H9, always in the walls made of roughly shaped stone pieces there were small niches. Although the niches had been all preserved before the conservation, they almost never saved their full height.Their jambs were damaged and only few of them maintained original lintels. Therefore their in reconstruction had also to be done during the in conservation of the walls they belonged to. 3. Anastylosis and reconstruction of door jambs. During the conservation the door jambs were build up one stone layer over the original jamb blocks that had been cither preserved in situ or put again in the original positions. This way the door jambs were reconstructed higher than adjacent preserved or reconstructed walls. Consequently each door, although never returned to the full original height, always distinguishes from the neighbourhood. 4. Anastylosis and reconstruction of columns and pillars (the courtyard of the house H9). The full anastylosis of two columns, one pillar and one adjacent semi-column was made in the porticocd courtyard of the house H9. It was achieved with the use of original elements such as drums square blocks and capitals. The bases and the lower parts of reconstructed elements had been preserved in situ and needed only conservation and protection. However, some missing parts of column shafts and pillars, necessary for the anastylosis had to be made anew of limestone. There was also made a partial anastylosis of other elements of the same courtyard's porticoes. 5. Conservation of pavements or making new ones. Reconstruction of destroyed parts of vaults of cellars and cisterns. These works comprised repairing or pointing all pavement joints between slabs and preparation of a new gravel floor in several rooms. The destroyed parts of vaults of the cellar and of the cisterns were reconstructed. 6. Protection of the architectural details and reconstructed walls from future damage. The last course of wall tops was consolidated for 20 protection against water penetration and chemical damage caused by it. The wall coping not only has to assure good protection from the water penetration, but also its aesthetic character is important. It was designed in a form such as to make it clear that the original walls were higher than reconstructed ones. The protection of columns, pillars and their architectural details against the surface destruction by crystallizing salts was achieved by specially designed coating plaster. 7. Cleaning and landscaping the area around the house. The excavated area surrounding the villas H9 and H9a was widened in a stripe about four to five metres wide. This space was delimited by a regularly formed slope.