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Organic matter content and soil fauna in agricultural landscape : effects of distance to forested strips and soil strip age

Kajak A., Karg J.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2007

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Vol. 55, nr 4

633-635

EN

The autors dedicate this set of papers to the memory of Professor dr Lech Ryszkowski (1932-2007) Head of the Research Center for Agricultural and Forest Environment PAS who was devoted to the idea of linking agricultural management and ecology and who initiated our investigations an agricultural landscape.

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Effects of forested strips on spider assemblages in adjacent cereal fields: dispersal activity of spiders

Kajak A.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2007

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Vol. 55, nr 4

691-704

EN

Spiders are important components of agricultural ecosystems as far as they affect markedly the abundance of crop pests. The objective of the study was to determine whether the planting of forested strips (shelterbelts) in agricultural area enhances the biomass of spiders active on soil surface of cereal fields and if the exchange of individuals between these habitats depends on the age of trees. The investigations were carried on in 2000 and repeated in 2003/2004 along transects across young shelterbelts (2 -11 years old) - ecotones - fields. In the second period the 150 years old forest strip was included into the study. So altogether in both periods the study was performed in the strip-managed area in forested strips 2, 6, 7, 11, and 150 years old, adjacent cereal fields and in the control field located in a deforested area. The intensity of patrolling (number of individuals captured per trap per day) the soil surface by spiders was investigated using pitfall traps forming lines parallel to the shelterbelt. The results of both investigation periods show, that forested strips increased the biomass of patrolling spiders (BP - biomass of spiders per trap per day) in the fields. It was higher in the fields located in the strip-managed area than in the deforested area by ca 70%. The BP decreased gradually with the increasing distance from the strips. Differences between the strip and the field at a distance of 50 m were significant (two-way ANOVA, post hoc Turkey test). The reason for the higher BP in the fields adjacent to forested strips was mainly the dispersal of large spiders from strips to adjacent fields. Dispersal is high between the very young strip and the field and low between the oldest strip and the field. The group of forest inhabiting species accounted for 0.3-0.5% of the total number of spiders in the field located in deforested area. In the fields adjacent to young shelterbelts this proportion increases with the strips age from 1 to 6%. But in the field bordering the oldest forest strip it is low again and accounted for 1.4%. In this field the proportion of agrobionts is almost as high (94%) as in the field located in deforested area (98%). Similarly the species diversity was very low. The mean individual body mass of spiders from all the fields located in the strip-managed area was 2.7 times higher than in the control field (P<0.001). It can be concluded, that in the old forest strips the number of species, which don.t disperse to surrounding, increases. This conclusion may be important for landscape management.

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Effect of shelterbelts on adjoining cultivated fields : Patrolling intensity of carabid beetles (Carabidae) and spiders (Araneae)

Kajak A., Oleszczuk M.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2004

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Vol. 52, nr 2

155-172

EN

The impact of wooded shelterbelts on the patrolling intensity (number of patrolling individuals per trap, per day (NP) - activity density) of spiders and ground beetles was investigated by using pitfall traps placed in parallel rows in shelterbelt centres, along margins of wood and field, and in open wheat fields at a distance of 10 and 50 m from trees. In the shelterbelt - managed areas the biomass of patrolling (BP) arthropods (ground beetles and spiders) was lower inside the fields (F10, F50) than at the field margins and in the shelterbelts. The BP and individual weight increased with the age of strips. However, in the control field with no wood in the vicinity, the BP of carabid beetles was as high as inside the shelterbelts. The highest similarity between the shelterbelts and the field (BP, Morisita's similarity index, diversity index H', individual weight) was found in the field adjoining the youngest (aged 2 years) shelterbelt. It is concluded that similarity between permanent and cultivated ecosystems is important for successful exchange of individuals between them. In the field adjacent to young shelterbelt and in the field with no woods in the vicinity the aeronautic, agrobiont species prevail. In the fields adjacent to older shelterbelts colonization by large body-size species, characteristic for permanent ecosystems was found.

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Impact of young shelterbelts on organic matter content and development of microbial and faunal communities of adjacent fields

Karg J., Kajak A., Ryszkowski L.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2003

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Vol. 51, nr 3

283-290

EN

The paper summarizes results of investigations done in 1999-2000 by several authors in Wielkopolska region, (western Poland) near Turew in young midfield shelterbelts and adjacent cereal fields. It was found that the soil organic matter content, as well as microbial and faunal biomass decrease gradually from the shelterbelt toward the field centre. The annual increase of carbon was assessed and possible sources of it (wind erosion, leaf fall, input of invertebrate faeces)considered. The results suggest, that excreta contribute significantly to total carbon input. The shelterbelts influence the biomass, density and composition of many soil and above-ground invertebrate taxa and individual size of animals occurring in bordering fields.

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Drained fens : comparison of nitrogen mineralization rate and biotic structures in two periods of secondary succession

Kajak A., Pętal J.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2001

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Vol. 49, nr 3

261-270

EN

The grassland on drained fens, differentiated by water holding capacity and soilorigin, derived from sedge-moss (SMP), tall-sedge (TSP) and alder peat (AP) were compared in terms of soil properties, N mineralization rate and composition of dominant microbial and faunal communities. Comparison was done for two periods of secondary succession: 15 (earlier or first period) and 30 years after drainage (later or second period). In both compared period soil properties remained significantly different between study sites, however differences in respect to biota were lower in the later period. In all compared sites in the second period a decrease was noted in soil moisture, pH and total C and N contents accompanied by an increase in bulk density and cation-exchange capacity. The periodically over-dried AP grassland differed significantly from moist grasslands, located on segde originated soils. The rate of nitrogen mineralization was the highest in AP soil in both periods compared, but decomposition of new, dead plant material was retarded. Amount of N accumulated in plant detrius accounted for 30, 42 and 91% of live plant biomass in compared SMP, TSP and AP sites, respectively. The low efficiency of soil organisms in the decomposition of detritus in AP soil may be illustrated by relations between invertebrate biomass and the amount of accumulated detrius. Nitrogen in soil invertebrates contributed to 81% of total N in litter in both sedge originated grasslands and to 19% only, in alter grassland. The decrease in the number of microbivorous and plant parasitic nematodes, stimulating mineralization processes was noted in AP soil in the second period. The density of humus forming invertebrates (Enchytraeidae, Lumbricidae) was significantly lower there in both periods. The paper focusses on historical processes to explain the discrepancy between low abundance of humus forming invertebrates and high humus content in alter soil.

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Mineralization and humification of Dactylis glomerata litter in field experiment excluding macroarthropods

Kusińska A., Kajak A.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2000

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Vol. 48, nr 4

299-310

EN

Decomposition rate of Dactylis glomerata was compared in two types of field mesocosms - (O-open) accessible for macroarthropods active on the grassland soil surface, or not accessible (C-closed) for them. Content of total carbon and nitrogen, as well as carbon incorporated in humus compounds was determined in the litter exposed in litter bags and inside poor in organic matter sandy substratum underlying the litter. Studies were repeated in two experiments, each lasting about a year. At the end of experiments 51-61% of the initial amount of carbon, introduced in the litter was mineralized, 13-19,7% was transformed into humus acids. Mineralization rate was more intense in C mesocosms, higher amount of humus was recorded in mesocosms accessible for macroarthropds (by 2,3 and 14,6% in autumn, respectively in both experiments). This newly formed humus was easily decomposable, part of it, particularly fulvic acids, were mineralized during winter

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Experimental approach for studying interrelationships between macroarthropods, soil biota, decomposion rate of litter and organic matter accumulation in soil

Kajak A.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2000

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Vol. 48, nr 4

263-269

EN

The paper presents experimental design applied to analyse the role of macroarthropods patrolling soil surface on decomposition rate of grass litter (Dactylis glomerata). In the experiment density of micro- and mesofauna and microbial abundance in mesocosms accessible (open - O) and not accessible (closed - C) for large arthropods was compared. Mass loss of litter, mineralization rate of carbon and nitrogen, humus acid storage in sandy substratum underlying litter was estimated also. Results are presented in several papers. Effect of exclosures on the intensity of surface patrolling by macroarthropods and on their density in mesocosms in also presented.

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Effect of macroarthropods on microbial and faunal numbers and organic matter content in soil

Kajak A., Kusińska A., Stanuszek S., Stefaniak O., Szanser M., Wasylik A., Wasilewska L.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2000

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Vol. 48, nr 4

339-354

EN

A field exclusion experiment in Arrhenatherrethalia mown meadow was carried out in mesocosms to analyse the role of epigeic, mobile macroarthropods in decomposition processes. A mineral bag technique allowed assessment of annual organic matter accumulation in the sandy substrate of mesocosms. Higher total organic C content was recorded in the top substrate layer (0-3 cm) in mesocosms accessible for macroarthropods, than in closed, inaccessible ones (17 and 23% more, respectively, in the two years), as well as higher amount of C in humus acids (6 and 36% more in two years). Possible reasons for these differences were considered. The total plant biomass, the litter disappearenc3 rate and water content in litter did not differ significantly between the types of mesocosms. In the top layer of mesocosms accessible for macroarthropods higher content of comminuted plant material (38,9 g m^-2) and arthropods feces (12.3 g^-2) were found compared to the amount in closed mesocosms (17,1 and 2,1 g m^-2 respectively). But the particulate organic matter derived from comminuted plant remnants and from fecal pellets accounted, in the period of the highest content, for about a half of the total carbon accumulated in the top substrate layer. In the litter of the open mesocosms reduced number of fungivorous mites and aphids was found, coupled with higher density of bacterivorous nematodes and higher abundance of fungi. The density of fungivorous mites was negatively correlated with the intensity of area patrolling by Araneae (tau = -0.79, P=0,0028) and Staphylinidae (tau = -0.58, P = 0.03). The elimination of aphids was positively correlated with area patrolling by the last group (tau = 0.81, P = 0.005). These results suggest that predation by macroarthropods changed proportions between fungi- and bacteriovorous invertebrates and as a consequence proportions between fungi and bacteria.