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1
Content available Assessment of gold with titanium alloy weldability in conditions of a dental technique laboratory
Jania G., Żmudzki J., Topolska S.
Archives of Materials Science and Engineering
|
2022
|
Vol. 118, nr 1
36--41
EN
Purpose: In dental practice, there is necessary to weld gold with titanium under the conditions of a dental technique laboratory, which is difficult. The aim was to assess the weldability of pure gold with the titanium alloy Ti6Al4V using a prosthetic laser welding machine. Design/methodology/approach: Gold wire in a diameter of 0.4 mm made with the use of a jewellery drawbar (GOLDPORT, Szczecin, Poland) was welded to a titanium alloy Ti6Al4V substrate of dental implant abutment screw (MegaGen). Dental laser welding parameters (Bego Laser Star T plus) were 230 V; 6.5 ms; 2.5 Hz; laser spot 0.3 mm, and argon blow. Samples were included in resin, ground (500-4000 SiC), polished (Al2O3 suspension) and etched (Kroll solution) per 20 s before observation under a light microscope. Findings: There were well-welded and poorly joined zones. The discontinuities and voids there were not visible or sparse next to the initial weld point. Dendritic structure at well-welded remelting zones and two-phase microstructure of titanium and Ti3Au phase were found. The heat-affected zone was about of 20 microns. Research limitations/implications: Light microscopy was used, and precise phase identification required further investigations. Weld strength assessment requires further micro-hardness and load-bearing ability tests. Weldability concerns the model system with pure gold. Practical implications: In the case of elements with dimensions below 0.4 mm, the use of a laser with a smaller spot should be considered for better control of the remelting zone and mechanical positioning of the elements in order to stabilize and avoid discontinuities and voids. Originality/value: Prosthetic laser welding with a laser spot about of 0.3 mm allows to obtain well-welded parts of 0.3 mm in diameter under stable stitching conditions and higher than 0.4 mm in dimensions.
2
Content available Environmental Degradation of Dissimilar Austenitic 316L and Duplex 2205 Stainless Steels Welded Joints
Topolska S., Łabanowski J.
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials
|
2017
|
Vol. 62, iss. 4
2107--2112
EN
The paper describes structure and properties of dissimilar stainless steels welded joints between duplex 2205 and austenitic 316L steels. Investigations were focused on environmentally assisted cracking of welded joints. The susceptibility to stress corrosion cracking (SCC) and hydrogen embrittlement was determined in slow strain rate tests (SSRT) with the strain rate of 2.2 × 10−6 s−1. Chloride-inducted SCC was determined in the 35% boiling water solution of MgCl2 environment at 125°C. Hydrogen assisted SCC tests were performed in synthetic sea water under cathodic polarization condition. It was shown that place of the lowest resistance to chloride stress corrosion cracking is heat affected zone at duplex steel side of dissimilar joins. That phenomenon was connected with undesirable structure of HAZ comprising of large fractions of ferrite grains with acicular austenite phase. Hydrogen assisted SCC tests showed significant reduction in ductility of duplex 2205 steel while austenitic 316L steel remains almost immune to degradation processes. SSR tests of dissimilar welded joints revealed a fracture in the area of austenitic steel.
3
Content available Effect of microstructure on mechanical properties and corrosion resistance of 2205 duplex stainless steel
Łabanowski J., Świerczyńska A., Topolska S.
Polish Maritime Research
|
2014
|
nr 4
108--112
EN
This paper presents results of the research on impact of microstructure of austenitic-ferritic steel of duplex type on its mechanical properties and susceptibility to stress corrosion cracking. As showed, improper processing technologies more and more often used in shipbuilding industry for plates and other half-finished products made of duplex steel may cause significant lowering their properties, which frequently makes their replacing necessary. Results of the tests on stress corrosion under tension with low strain rate (SSRT) conducted in an inert and corrosion (boiling magnesium chloride) environment , are presented. It was proved that even minor structural transformations taking place in 500ºC ageing temperature lower corrosion resistance of the steel. Structural transformations occurring in 700ºC temperature to a smaller extent influence susceptibility to stress corrosion of the steel, however they cause drastic drop in its plasticity.
4
Odporność wybranych powłok ochronnych na korozję płomieniową w kotłach pyłowych niskoemisyjnych
Ćwiek J., Łabanowski J., Sozańska M., Topolska S.
Rynek Energii
|
2013
|
Nr 2
61--64
PL
W artykule omówiono zagadnienie odporności powłok na rurach ekranowych kotłów niskoemisyjnych na korozję płomieniową. Przedstawiono wyniki badań diagnostycznych powłok ochronnych na rurach ekranowych kotłów pyłowych, niskoemisyjnych, pracujących przy współspalaniu biomasy. Badano powłoki natryskiwane cieplnie Al2O3/Ni-30Cr oraz hybrydowe nanoszone techniką malarską. Stan powłok oceniono po jednym i dwóch latach eksploatacji w warunkach oddziaływania płomienia i spalin, oraz erozyjnego oddziaływania strumienia powietrza ze zdmuchiwacza. Stwierdzono, że badane powłoki ochronne nie zabezpieczają powierzchni rur ekranowych przed korozją płomieniową, w tym siarkową, w warunkach spalania podstechiometrycznego. Współspalanie biomasy znacząco przyśpiesza degradację powłok, szczególnie hybrydowych nanoszonych techniką malarską. Trwałość powłok wynosiła do dwóch lat eksploatacji kotła.
EN
Diagnostic research on durability of protection coatings on water-wall tubes in low-emission boilers has been presented in the paper. Thermal spraying Al2O3/Ni-30Cr and hybrid paint coatings were evaluated. Durability of the coatings was evaluated after one and two years of service in direct action of flame, flue gas, and air flux from blower. It has been said that the coatings do not protect heating surface of water-wall tubes from hot corrosion, including sulfidation under substoichiometric burning. Durability of the coatings is two years of exploitation of a boiler.
5
Content available remote Failure of austenitic stainless steel tubes during steam generator operation
Topolska S., Łabanowski J., Głowacka M.
Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering
|
2012
|
Vol. 55, nr 2
378--385
EN
Purpose: of this study is to analyze the causes of premature failure of steam generator coil made of austenitic stainless steel. Special attention is paid to corrosion damage processes within the welded joints. Design/methodology/approach: Examinations were conducted several segments of the coil made of seamless cold-formed pipes Ø 23x2.3 mm, of austenitic stainless steel grade X6CrNiTi18-10 according to EN 10088-1:2007. The working time of the device was 6 months. The reason for the withdrawal of the generator from the operation was leaks in the coil tube caused by corrosion damage. The metallographic investigations were performed with the use of light microscope and scanning electron microscope equipped with the EDX analysis attachment. Findings: Examinations of coil tubes indicated severe corrosion damages as pitting corrosion, stress corrosion cracking, and intergranular corrosion within base material and welded joints. Causes of corrosion was defined as wrong choice of austenitic steel grade, improper welding technology, lack of quality control of water supply and lack of surface treatment of stainless steel pipes. Research limitations/implications: It was not known the quality of water supply of steam generator and this was the reason for some problems in the identification of corrosion processes. Practical implications: Based on the obtained research results and literature studies some recommendations were formulated in order to avoid failures in the application of austenitic steels in the steam generators. These recommendations relate to the selection of materials, processing technology and working environment. Originality/value: Article clearly shows that attempts to increase the life time of evaporator tubes and steam coils by replacing non-alloy or low alloy structural steel by austenitic steel, without regard to restrictions on its use, in practice often fail.
6
Content available remote The effect of long-term service at elevated temperatures on structure and mechanical properties of Cr-Mo-V steel
Ćwiek J., Łabanowski J., Topolska S.
Archives of Materials Science and Engineering
|
2011
|
Vol. 49, nr 1
33-39
EN
Purpose: of this paper is to reveal the microstructural changes in 13HMF steel exposed to long-term service at elevated temperatures. The degradation of bainite structure was determined and carbides morphology has been examined. The influence of carbides evolution was discussed in dependence of creep rupture strength and mechanical properties of the steel. Design/methodology/approach: Examinations were conducted on 273 mm diameter, 32 mm wall thickness tube made of 13HMF (14MoV6-3) steel. The tube was a segment of stem pipeline used in power plant at 540°C. The service time is 168,000 hours. Microstructure of the material has been examined with the use of light optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDS) analysis was used for phase chemical composition identification. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) of thin foils was used for carbides structure identification. The mechanical properties of the tube material were evaluated in static tensile tests at room temperature, hardness tests and impact Charpy U tests. Findings: Microstructure of 13HMF steel tube shows an advanced level of degradation - coagulation of carbides at ferrite grain boundaries and inside bainitic grains. Precipitates of carbides decorated grain boundaries in chain forms. The presence of M7C3, M23C6, M6C phases were revealed. After extended service M23C6 and M3C carbides were replaced by more stable carbides. This transformation did not occur until the end. This indicates the presence of mainly Mo2C carbide, and only sporadic occurrence of carbide M6C. Practical implications: Useability of the method for assessing the current degradation level and for predicting residual lifetime of creep-resistant tubes based on analysis of carbides morphology was confirmed for Cr-Mo-V steel. Originality/value: Information available in literature does not clearly indicate the influence of microstructure and mechanical properties of Cr-Mo-V steel after long-term exploitation. The study shows such relations.
7
Content available remote Corrosion of evaporator tubes in low emission steam boilers
Topolska S., Łabanowski J.
Archives of Materials Science and Engineering
|
2010
|
Vol. 42, nr 2
85-92
EN
Purpose: of this paper is to reveal the mechanisms of corrosion processes of outer surfaces of low-emission steam boiler evaporator tubes. Examinations were performed to find the reasons of different corrosion susceptibility of tubes situated at combustion chamber on various levels. Design/methodology/approach: Examinations were conducted on several segments of Ø 57 x 5.0 mm evaporator tubes made of 16M (16Mo3) steel grade. Segments were taken from level of 10 meters and 18 meters from the chamber bottom of low-emission coal fired steam boiler after two years operation. Microstructure degradation of base material was estimated. Metallographic evaluation of scale morphology, its micro sites chemical composition analysis and distribution of elements on cross sections have been performed. Findings: Eexaminations of evaporator tubes indicated that reduction of wall thickness was considerable at the segments taken from level of 10 m, when at level of 18 m this reduction was small. The morphology of scales consisted of external layer which was porous and weakly connected to the tube surface, and internal layer, which was dense and adherent to the base metal. In these two layers the bands reach in sulfur were detected. The sulfide corrosion seems to be the main degradation mechanism of the tube surface at the level of 10 m. Research limitations/implications: Corrosion of the water wall tubes in low-emission steam boilers is a result of reaction of steel tube surface with the aggressive substoichiometric environment contains sulfur. The chemical composition of flue gases changes along the water wall. The exact compound of flue gases has not been determined in this study. Practical implications: Prevention of water wall tubes corrosion can be achieved by changing in operation conditions or replacement of tube materials. The first mentioned action is limited to accurate burner's adjustment or introduces a flow of additional air along the walls and create air curtain between reducing environment and tubes surface. These efforts often are insufficient. The replacement of more corrosion resistant material on Cr rich steel or Cr-Ni steel is possible but other problems appear connected with high costs of installation and low heat transfer coefficients of such materials. Knowing the mechanisms of corrosion allows adjusting combustion process at low emission steam boilers. Originality/value: Information available in literature does not clearly indicate what mechanism of corrosion is dominant at different parts of combustion chamber. The current study shows which corrosion mechanisms are the most dangerous for evaporator tubes.
8
Content available remote Effect of microstructure on impact toughness of duplex and superduplex stainless steels
Topolska S., Łabanowski J.
Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering
|
2009
|
Vol. 36, nr 2
142-149
EN
Purpose: of this paper is to study the effect of heat treatments and resulting changes in microstructure on mechanical properties, mainly impact toughness, of commercial 2205 duplex stainless steel and higher alloy superduplex 2507 grade. Design/methodology/approach: Both steels were submitted to ageing treatments in the temperature range of 500-900 °C with exposure time periods 6 minutes, 1 hour and 10 hours. Light microscope examinations, hardness measurements and impact toughness tests were performed in order to reveal microstructure and changes in mechanical properties. Findings: Obtained results confirm that high temperature service of duplex stainless steels should be avoided. Precipitations of secondary phases (mainly ó phase) strongly deteriorate mechanical properties of steels but some amounts of these phases could be acceptable in the microstructure depending upon the application of the steel. Research limitations/implications: Presence of secondary phases in duplex stainless steel microstructure can be very harmful for its corrosion resistance. This phenomenon is not considered in this study. Practical implications: The accidents during exploitation and errors in processing of duplex stainless steels can result in undesired temperature growth over 500°C. Such events brings question whether the steel can be still exploited or not. The aim of present study is to reveal the effect of thermal cycles on structural changes and mechanical properties of duplex stainless steel and establish the highest acceptable time-temperature conditions for safe operation of the steel. Originality/value: Information available in literature does not clearly indicate what amount of secondary phases existing in duplex stainless steel microstructure can be acceptable. The current study shows that duplex 2205 steel affected by thermal cycles and containing about 10% of sigma phase still exhibit acceptable mechanical properties.
9
Content available remote Visualisation of pipes welding process in technical subjects teaching
Topolska S.
Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering
|
2008
|
Vol. 26, nr 1
97-103
EN
Purpose: This paper presents the application of the visualization technique for enriching the educational process. The visualization approach allows to present all difficult and even dangerous phases of a manufacturing process. Design/methodology/approach: The computer visualization technique has been applied to elaborate the scenes presented in this paper. The process of modelling has been correlated with films captured in the steel mill. Findings: The methodology of preparing and presenting the virtual manufacturing processes models is the main result obtained during these researches. Research limitations/implications: The analyzed problem causes two main limitations of researches. Firstly the analysis of a visualization technique has been conducted basing on one specific manufacturing process. In this phase of researches it is important to formulate the general conclusions about this technique. Secondly, it has been chosen the process of pipes pressure welding with currents of high frequency. It allows to present both plastic forming and welding in one manufacturing process. Practical implications: The first practical implication of these researches is the possibility for offering a wider scope of materials on the educational platforms prepared for the new university e-learning system. Secondly, it is possible to use these materials in consultations offered for industrial plants in the system of commercial cooperation of the university. Originality/value: This work presents a complete analysis of the visualization process applied for the educational aims. It allows to analyze the problems considered with visualization process and includes some solutions in this area.
10
Content available remote Quality control in the process of rings of train wheels manufacturing
Topolska S.
Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering
|
2008
|
Vol. 31, nr 2
712-718
EN
Purpose: The paper presents an example of the application of the complex quality control process and shows the advantages of such approach. Moreover it presents the analysis of a specific manufacturing process of rings of train wheels. Design/methodology/approach: In the presented works it has been presented a holistic approach to the process engineering. The investigations in the manufacturing plant and laboratory test allow showing the results of a complex quality control. Findings: Results confirm the importance of the new process engineering which links the traditional approach with the modern quality control. Also it proves that the quality control system must cooperate with the training system. Research limitations/implications: The investigation area has been limited to one industry plant. It was considered with the fact that the analyzed process is a much specified one. This situation doesn't make possible to compare results with the other data. The second limitation is considered with the commercial secret (some data is omitted). Practical implications: First main practical results could be described as elaborating the methodology of quality assurance of the specific and rare manufacturing processes. Secondly the paper shows how to link the technical and human factors in one integrated process. Originality/value: Firstly this paper presents the analysis of a very rare manufacturing process what is valuable of both scientific and educational points of view. Secondly it shows how to organize the rare production process with a complex quality control.
11
Content available remote Teaching the plating of surface layers using an E-learning platform
Topolska S.
Archives of Materials Science and Engineering
|
2008
|
Vol. 31, nr 1
57-60
EN
Purpose: The aim of this paper is to present the role of e-learning tools in the process of students teaching within the area of material science, on the base of an e-platform for teaching students the processes of surface layers plating. Nowadays classical teaching tools are replaced with computer tools presenting analyzed processes and structures in a virtual space so the purpose of the work is also to present a form of comparison of these approaches. Design/methodology/approach: The presented results base on the elaboration and investigations of the e-learning program for Polish students helping them to understand the process of surface layers plating. The program has been checked according specific educational requirements of the educational process of a technological university. Findings: Results obtained in the work point the importance of application of an e-learning platform in an educational process of the material science students. Also the methodology of creating such e-learning platforms and their educational estimation are presented. Research limitations/implications: The main limitation is related with the analyzed manufacturing process: surface layers plating. Moreover the subject has been limited to the group of main galvanic layers, as this work is a result of investigations in the area of galvanic layers electroplating. Secondly the project takes into account only the layers that are the most characteristic and are the most spread in the industry for the described electroplating technique. Practical implications: The first practical implication of these researches is the possibility for offering a wider scope of materials on the educational platforms prepared for the new university e-learning system. Secondly, it is possible to use these materials in consultations offered for industrial plants in the system of commercial cooperation of the university. Originality/value: The work presents the original e-learning program for teaching the students of material science. In the process of preparing the program some interesting solutions consider with visualization techniques have been done.
12
Content available remote Assessment of Evaporator Tubes Corrosion in Low-Emission Steam Boilers
Łabanowski J., Topolska S., Ćwiek J.
Advances in Materials Science
|
2008
|
Vol. 8, nr 4(18)
14-21
EN
Degradation examinations of outer surface of low-emission steam boiler evaporator tubes are presented in the paper. Metallographic evaluation of scale morphology, its micro sites chemical composition analysis and distribution of elements on cross sections have been performed. Water-wall tubes were exposed in steam boiler for up to two years period. Common tubes made of 16Mo3 steel suffered sulfide and molten salts corrosions. Thermal sprayed tubes with the single layer of 70%Ni 30%Cr alloy show better corrosion resistance, but become also susceptible to sulfide corrosion due to presence of internal voids and cracks. Double layer Al2O3/Ni-30Cr coatings withstand corrosion attack for more than one year operation, then failed due to internal heterogeneity and cracks generation.
13
Content available remote The visualisation of manufacturing process of pipes welding
Topolska S., Szewieczek D.
Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering
|
2007
|
Vol. 20, nr 1-2
575-578
EN
Purpose: The aim of this paper is to show the concept of application the visualization technique for educational aims. This approach allows enriching a didactic process. Also this technique could help in solving problems consider with analyzing the manufacturing processes. Design/methodology/approach: The presented work bases on the application of computer visualization techniques for elaboration the presentation of chosen manufacturing processes. The computer visualization has been based on films captured in the manufacturing plant. Findings: The main result of this work is the proposal of the methodology of preparing visualization approach. It has been propose some remarks relating to this methodology. Research limitations/implications: The presented elaboration bases on one chosen manufacturing process. As an exemplar it was chosen the process of pressure welding of pipes with currents of high frequency. So the presented process links two main manufacturing processes: The welding technology and the plastic forming. Practical implications: The implication of the work could be found in two remarks. Firstly it is important to introduce to the industry practice the visualization approach as more didactic and which allows omitting some faults generated in a conventional approaches. Secondly this approach could enrich the scope of approaches offered by educational platforms in e-learning systems. Originalityvalue: The value of this work is its subject. In this work a new educational approach is presented. Secondly, in this work it is presented the analysis of preparing the visualization of a manufacture process. Also some solutions in this area are included.
14
Content available remote The role of quality control operations in a process of plastic forming
Topolska S.
Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering
|
2007
|
Vol. 23, nr 2
95-98
EN
Purpose: The aim of this paper is present the role of quality control operations in such a complex manufacturing process like plastic forming. Nowadays classical manufacturing process management is replaced with total quality management philosophy. Design/methodology/approach: The presented results base on the investigations conducted in manufacturing plants of heavy industry. Next the results of researches have been compared with requirements of quality standards. Findings: Results obtained in the work point the importance of a system of continuous quality monitoring and of quality control operations. Moreover the improvement in quality management is directly related with the corporate image. Research limitations/implications: The presented results base on the analysis of manufacturing processes of steel mills and are considered with the process of plastic forming and related processes. It must be stated that some technological parameters are confidential. Practical implications: The practical implication of the work is considered with the proposal of a scheme of quality control operations in a manufacturing process of plastic forming. This scheme could be used as a remark showing the proper manufacturing process planning. Originality/value: The work presents the analysis of manufacturing processes for heavy industry according the quality assessment what is rather a lateral problem in quality analysis.
15
Content available remote The role of finishing, operations in a tube plastic forming process
Topolska S.
Advances in Materials Science
|
2007
|
Vol. 7, nr 2(12)
327-333
EN
The paper presents the analysis of the role of fnishing operations in a process of plastic forming, The quality level in plastic forming is strongly related with the quality level of finishing operations, These operations ale different for various plastic forming processes, In this paper the pipe manufacturing process bas been chosen as an example of the plastic forming process, The base technological operations are: rolling and welding, But the main technological operations ale considered in the connection to finishing process, They mainly influence the quality image of a producer. During these operations it is possible to diagnose and correct a lot of manufacturing faults and prepare the product for dispatching, The in finishing operations ale: machining, cleaning and checking.
16
Content available remote High temperature corrosion of evaporator tubes in low-emission steam boilers
Łabanowski J., Ćwiek J., Topolska S.
Advances in Materials Science
|
2007
|
Vol. 7, nr 2(12)
26-31
EN
Degradation examinations of outer surface of evaporator tubes of the OP-230 low-emission steam boiler are presented in the paper. Metallographic evaluation of scale morphology, its micro sites chemical composition analysis and linear distribution of elements on cross sections have been performed. Evaluation of chemical compounds existed in deposited layer was also in-vestigated. Sulfide corrosion bas been aimed as the main reason of premature thinning of evaporator tube walls at lower levels of combustion chamber, and molten salt corrosion at highest levels.
17
Content available remote Process of vacuum metallization - a simulation in the Taylor program
Topolska S.
Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering
|
2006
|
Vol. 16, nr 1-2
151--159
EN
Purpose: This paper is the result of the cooperation with metallization industry. Small industry plants often have problems with production planning so it was interesting to test the possibility of application a computer simulation system. Design/methodology/approach: In this work two main research methods have been used: observation of real processes and simulation of virtual ones. The theoretical scope was to test the possibility of simulation the metallization processes. Findings: This work includes two main conclusions. Firstly, it is possible to simulate such specific processes like metallization ones. Secondly, the application of a simulation program results in higher effectiveness of the metallization process. Research limitations/implications: Presented results indicate that it is important to develop these researches by analyzing more complex process and galvanic ones. Practical implications: The practical implication of this work is the statement that even in small plants it is profitable to introduce production simulation programs. Originality/value: This paper provides the information about simulation such specific processes like metallization. It is valuable for small plant managers.
18
Content available remote Analysis of the technological process of rings of train wheels
Topolska S.
Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering
|
2006
|
Vol. 17, nr 1-2
405--408
EN
Purpose: The aim of this paper is to show the analysis of a specific process of manufacturing the rings of train wheels. Secondly this work presents the exemplars of possible faults in this technology. Design/methodology/approach: The presented work bases on the investigations made in chosen manufacturing plant. Also laboratory tests have been made to point the discovered problems. Findings: Results show that it is important to apply in modern manufacturing processes the system of monitoring. Also it helps to establish the continuous quality assurance system. Moreover it is proved that quality system must cooperate with the training system. Research limitations/implications: The presented elaboration includes results from one manufacturing plant. It is consider with the fact that this production process is rare so it is difficult to receive comparative data. Secondly, the limitation of this work is the commercial secret. Some specific parameters of presented process are secret. Also the name of manufacturing plant is omitted. Practical implications: The implication of the work could be found in two remarks. Firstly it is important to introduce to the industry practice the integrated approach. Secondly the human and technical factors are equally important. Originality/value: The value of this work is its subject. In this work a very rare technological process is presented. Secondly, in this work it is presented the analysis of quality parameters of this process. Also are proposed the general solutions of same faults.
19
Physico-chemical properties of TiN films.
Tkaczyk S., Topolska S.
Inżynieria Materiałowa
|
2001
|
R. XXII, nr 5
925-927
EN
Results of the investigations of physico-chemical properties of thin TiN coatings, deposited by PVD (Physical Vapour Deposition) techniques on the austenitic steel, are presented.
PL
W pracy przedstawiono wyniki badań właściwości fizyko-chemicznych cienkich powłok TiN konstytuowanych na stali austenitycznej metodą PVD.
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