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1

Losy małych miast położonych w sąsiedztwie aglomeracji

Borcz Z., Niedźwiecka-Filipiak I.

Teka Komisji Urbanistyki i Architektury Oddział PAN w Krakowie

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2017

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T. 45

289--300

PL

Małe miasta są istotnym elementem sieci osadniczej. Zmieniają one swój status w zależności m.in. od rozwoju przemysłu, czy zmian układu komunikacyjnego. Część z nich traciła prawa miejskie, następnie odzyskiwała, czasem była przyłączana do sąsiednich aglomeracji. Niektóre małe miasta połączyły się ze sobą, tworząc nowe struktury w sieci osadniczej. W niniejszym artykule opisano zjawiska tych połączeń na przykładzie Polski południowo-zachodniej. Wykazano również, że w nielicznych przypadkach małe miasta wtórnie odłączyły się od aglomeracji i stworzyły samodzielne jednostki urbanistyczne.

EN

Small towns are an important element of settlement network. They change their status depending on, among others, the development of industry, and changes in the transportation system. Some of them lost civic rights, then regained them, and sometimes were incorporated into the neighboring agglomerations. Some small towns have merged together to create new structures in the settlement network. This article investigates this phenomenon on the example of south-west of Poland. It was also found that in several cases, a small town subsequently separated from the urban area and created a separate urban unit of its own.

2

Landscape of Small Towns in Lower Silesia – Reminiscences Dating Back to the Middle Ages

Borcz Z., Borcz A.

Architektura Krajobrazu

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2015

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nr 3

4-19

EN

The article analyses the landscape of small towns in the voivodeship of Lower Silesia with populations up to 20 000. It overlooks small towns that lost their city status over the years but takes into consideration a few Czech frontier towns. It also points to a number of characteristic features that have medieval roots and gives special consideration to such elements as marketplaces surrounded with arcades, quite often with a town hall building and defensive walls with towers and gates. Landmarks in small towns seen from narrow streets, usually from markets are also worth mentioning. Architectural details such as balconies, portals, monuments, votive columns etc. are particularly valuable. The entire city panorama not always visible because of acoustic screens is very important for the landscape.

PL

Tematem artykułu jest krajobraz małych miast. Wzięto pod uwagę miasta z województwa dolnośląskiego liczące do 20 tysięcy mieszkańców, przy czym pominięto te miasteczka, które na przestrzeni lat utraciły prawa miejskie. W celu uzupełnienia dodano kilka przygranicznych miast czeskich. W artykule zwrócono uwagę na szereg charakterystycznych cech, świadczących o korzeniach średniowiecznych. Rozpatrzono poszczególne elementy jak rynki, otoczone podcieniami, nierzadko z budynkiem ratusza, mury obronne z baszami i bramami. W małych miastach zwracają uwagę dominanty, widziane z wąskich uliczek, przeważnie z rynków. Do cennych elementów należą także detale architektoniczne, jak balkony, portale, pomniki, kolumny wotywne itp. Istotna dla krajobrazu jest całość panoramy miasta, nie zawsze widoczna spoza ekranów akustycznych.

3

„Nowe” małe miasta w Polsce południowo-zachodniej

Borcz Z., Niedźwiecka-Filipiak I.

Zeszyty Naukowe Politechniki Poznańskiej. Architektura i Urbanistyka

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2014

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Z. 31

83--92

PL

W niniejszym artykule przedstawiono miasteczka z Polski południowo-zachodniej, które uzyskały prawa miejskie w przeciągu ostatnich 20 lat. Na Dolnym Śląsku dwie miejscowości uzyskały status miasta po raz pierwszy, jedna je odzyskała ponownie. Przykłady z Małopolski w większości pokazują miejscowości, które wcześniej utraciły prawa miejskie, a w chwili obecnej je odzyskały. Jednak zawsze były to samodzielne jednostki osadnicze. W województwie Śląskim jest inna sytuacja. W latach 70. XX wieku doszło do przyłączenia wielu małych miast do większych jednostek osadniczych, a teraz starają się one o odzyskanie samodzielności. Niektóre z nich odniosły sukces i znów mają status miasta, co przenosi się także na ich aktywność i rozwój.

EN

In this paper the town are presented, which received the city rights in the past 20 years. In Lower Silesia two cities received civic rights for the first time. The examples of the Małopolska show localities, which had lost their civic rights earlier, and now they have recovered them. But they were always separate settlement units. In the province of Silesia there is a different situation. In 70's of the 20th century there was a connection of many towns to larger settlement units, and now they are seeking to regain the independence. Some of them have been successful and once again they have the status of the city, which also moves for theirs activity and development.

4

The evolution of small towns in south-western Poland

Niedźwiecka-Filipiak I., Borcz Z., Zielińska L

Architectus

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2012

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Nr 2(32)

43--48

EN

The article comprises partial research results which focused on small towns founded before and after 1945 in the following provinces: Lubuskie, Lower Silesian, Opolskie and Silesian. Each of these towns had its own specific history. The majority of small towns from this area have mediaeval origins and a characteristic spatial layout with a market, sometimes a town hall and dominants of church towers. After World War II many of them lost their town privileges, sometimes irrevocably, but some of them regained them after some time. Another observed phenomenon was the fact that certain small towns were incorporated into industrial city agglomerations while other small towns joined together. In the recent years in the Silesian province we can observe a reverse trend, i.e. certain districts – former independent small towns which were previously incorporated into big cities – become separated and get or try to regain their town privileges. These phenomena have an influence on the spatial system of towns and on their development.

5

The Role of Small Towns and Villages with Urban Traditions in the Cultural Landscape

Borcz Z., Niedźwiecka-Filipiak I.

Architektura Krajobrazu

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2011

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nr 2

7--15

PL

Praca stanowi próbę analizy transformacji małych miast we wsie oraz wsi w miasta. Obszar badań obejmuje Dolny Śląsk oraz Opolsz-czyznę i Lubuskie. Do badań wybrano zdegradowane miasta, które na przestrzeni dziejów utraciły prawa miejskie w wyniku wojen, pożarów, zarazy jak również wyczerpania złóż rudy żelaza i kopalń węgla. Do chwili obecnej około połowa z nich utrzymała swój miejski wygląd i odzyskała utracone prawa miejskie. Natomiast innymi miejscowościami są wsie, w których do dzisiaj zachował się miejski charakter. W badaniach przeprowadzono analizę historycznego charakteru rozważanych miejscowości oraz wnioski z obecnego stanu hierarchii sieci osadniczej.

6

Przejawy tożsamości wsi o tradycjach miejskich na Dolnym Śląsku

Borcz Z., Niedźwiecka-Filipiak I.

Zeszyty Naukowe Politechniki Poznańskiej. Architektura i Urbanistyka

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2009

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Z. 20

51-57

PL

Badania miejscowości, które niegdyś otrzymały prawa miejskie, a obecnie ich nie posiadają, pozwalają zapoznać się z problemem tożsamości danej jednostki sieci osadniczej. Proces powstawania, zanikania, a często odtwarzania tożsamości widoczny jest wyraźnie w małych miejscowościach, szczególnie takich, które przeszły burzliwe koleje losu. Do charakterystycznych przykładów należą małe miasteczka dolnośląskie, które ze względu na swoje położenie na mapie Europy zmieniały kilkakrotnie przynależność państwową, a w wyniku działań wojennych były niszczone, palone i popadały w ruinę, by po latach ponownie podnieść się z upadku. Tożsamość miasta pojawia się w świadomości mieszkańców i wyraża się w ich konkretnych działaniach na rzecz wspólnego dobra. W przypadku miast na Dolnym Śląsku świadomość ta uległa zachwianiu bezpośrednio po wojnie i dopiero po kilkudziesięciu latach pojawia się w sposób widoczny.

EN

Investigation of villages, which formerly had civic rights, and now do not possess them allow to understand the identity problems of a given settlements system unit. The process of creation, disappearance and often reconstruction of their identity may be clearly seen in small towns, especially those which had a turbulent historical time with tumultuous events. As characteristic examples may serve small towns of Lower Silesia; due to their situation on the Europe map, they changed several times their nationality and because of the war time military operations were destroyed, burned down and stepwise sell into ruins, and after many years some of them raised again to normal life. The identity of towns appears in the consciousness of inhabitants and is to be seen in they definite activities for social ideas. In the case of Lower Silesia towns this consciousness underwent a decline directly after the 2. World War, and only now after about 50 years reappears in an evident way.

7

Wzajemne relacje małych miast i rzek

Niedźwiecka-Filipiak I., Borcz Z.

Architektura Krajobrazu

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2009

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nr 4

21-32

EN

Mutual relations of towns and rivers is closely connected to the research project elaborated by us entitled: "Transformations town-village and village-town as a shaping factor for cultural landscape". The project includes questions connected with places which are located on the lower stages of the settlement network which are often called downgraded towns. This group includes small towns and villages which descend from larger towns. They used to be selfsufficient units at one time but now are absorbed by nearby cities or connected, creating new cities by joining two or more units. In Lower Silesia region and in neighbourhood areas, the number of such places is quite high, many of them lost their city rights directly after the war in 1945, and while a large number of them retracted those rights, others play the part of commune villages and very few are administrative units (so called "sołectwo"). To present the questions of mutual relations between small towns and the river, the most likely representative places for the whole set were chosen, which at the same time illustrate the influence of the river on historical and modern architecture, and present advantages and threats originated from the neighbourhood of water,and also on shaping of a landscape where river, lake, pool or even a small watercourse or water basin are essential factors. The chosen places were divided into two basic groups - Low-lying, along the course of the Odra river. In mountain areas, in Kłodzko Land and in the Czech Republic. Surface water can in various ways influence the attractiveness of the place where they exist. Near big rivers there is a possibility of organizing river harbours for touristic movements which connect separate places along the river. Appropriate management of river banks which run through separate places can increase the area of terrains intended for leisure and recreation (embankments along the river).

8

Rynki małych miast i wsi o tradycjach miejskich - wartościowe wnętrza krajobrazowe

Borcz Z.

Architektura Krajobrazu

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2008

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nr 4

11-17

EN

At Lower Silesia many small towns and villages which formerly had civic laws are to be found, but in the course of time they lost them. The considered settlements date back mostly to 13th century, they often went through severe trials, e.g. wars, fires, or floods. They obtained the civic laws as a result of a number of factors, then often they lost them, or sometimes recovered them again. The main elements of small towns are the market square and streets coming out of it. The frontages of the market square mostly have a compact building, often, even in small towns a town hall is to be found in the centre of a market square. The settlements in the piedmont terrains are especially picturesque, the market square forms there an interesting landscape interior. In the conclusion there is pointed out that systems of small towns and villages having urban traditions require a suitable space planning and a conservator's protection.

9

Krajobraz peryferii miejskich na przykładzie wrocławskich osiedli mieszkaniowych

Borcz Z., Czechowicz M.

Czasopismo Techniczne. Architektura

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2007

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R. 104, z. 5-A

118-120

PL

Strefa podmiejska spełnia wiele funkcji, które znajdują swoje odbicie w krajobrazie. Wybrane funkcje strefy podmiejskiej i ich wpływ na krajobraz przedstawiono na przykładzie Wrocławia. Funkcja mieszkaniowa w strefie podmiejskiej to głównie zabudowa jednorodzinna. Również dawne zagrody rolnicze i folwarki oraz wiejskie dwory, a także kościoły wchłonięte zostały przez miasta. Wsie usytuowane w sąsiedztwie miasta stwarzają szansę przeprowadzenia korytarzy ekologicznych, jednakże wytyczenie tras obwodnic przez tereny obrzeżne pociąga za sobą szereg konfliktów, które muszą być rozwiązywane.

EN

The suburban zone has many functions finding their reflection in the landscape. Selected functions of the suburban zone and their influence on the landscape are presented on the example of Wrocław. The dwelling function concerns mainly single-family houses. The village dwelling houses, farm buildings, manors and churches have been included into the town limits. In villages situated in the neighborhood of towns, a chance for existence of ecological routes appears, however the design of ring roads often gives rise to conflicts, which need to be resolved.

10

Dąb drzewo kultowe

Borcz Z.

Architektura Krajobrazu

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2007

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nr 1

6-8

EN

The oak has played a vital part in legends and beliefs from ancient times. As a symbol of strength and long life it was identified with gods which were worshiped. Several examples supporting the idea of the cult and history of well known oaks, based on chronicles and spoken tales, were included in the article. Attention has been paid to the role of oak trees connected with beliefs and modern religion, as well as the part the oak has played as a valuable element of the landscape.

11

Dominanty dawnej i współczesnej wsi południowo-zachodniej Polski

Niedźwiecka-Filipiak I., Borcz Z.

Architektura Krajobrazu

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2006

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nr 1-2

17-23

EN

Identification of the place in question is the most important issue for a village. There is nothing more confusing than an indistinction and chaotic pseudo-freedom which leads to the lack of orientation. One of the identifying elements both in the natural landscape and in their anthropogenic origin always were dominants. Their role in rural landscape is very important although not always appreciated, and in cases when it blemished the neighborhood, often underestimated. Traditional dominants in villages among others are: a church with a tower, often situated on a rise or in the highest place in a village, towers of distilleries, breweries or other production workshops in granges, water towers, towers of fire stations, windmills, former, brick tower transformer stations, chapels and side road crosses, single specimens of trees, whole farm sets, with remarkable, in comparison to the rest of the village, storage and farming buildings, mansions and palaces, former recreation halls distinguished by their size and arch castellated window openings, huge village ponds or empty squares in a village. The above mentioned not always are dominants. Everything depends on their surrounding which means that an element is receipted as a dominant and gives character both to the panorama and closed interiors. While situating objects where importance was to be stressed, terrain shape was used. Even a minor hill allowed a good exposition of a church, chapel or cross. Unfortunately, a new object with big cubature situated in a modern village most often takes into consideration only the functional needs of the users. Blocking vistas, dominants, gates or accents are the ideas which are avoided while designing, especially in rural areas. Impulsive actions can be noticed here, which answer only the needs of a moment. In fact it is difficult to find modern built objects in areas of a village which fulfill the expectations which were bestowed in dominants.

12

Ochrona krajobrazu kulturowego w Programie Odnowy Wsi

Borcz Z., Niedźwiecka-Filipiak I.

Przegląd Komunalny

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2005

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nr 7

35-40

PL

Program Odnowy Wsi wywodzi się z krajów Europy Zachodniej i sięga swoją historią siedemdziesiątych lat XX w. Pierwsze działania notuje się w Bawarii i Badenii-Wirtembergii, a następnie w Dolnej Austrii. Obecnie realizowany jest w większości krajów europejskich.

13

Zmiany w krajobrazie wsi na przełomie XX i XXI wieku

Borcz Z.

Architektura Krajobrazu

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2005

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nr 1-2

4--9

EN

For many years or even centuries the traditional rural landscape was idealized by painters, landscape artists, extolled by poets and novelists, as a quiet area, full of green and close to nature. Villages change in respect of buildings, social-economical relations and landscape. Currently villages are multifunctional and only part of their inhabitants deal with agriculture. Particularly submissive to non-agricultural function development are villages situated in the suburban zone, where single-family building is developing dynamically. Taking into consideration the subject of the rural landscape it is necessary to realize the variety of functions which the buildings are to meet and special management of village areas. The agricultural landscape undergoes changes, which are influenced by intensifying mechanization, chemicalization and changes in the structure of farming. Conclusions, defining priorities of actions of local authorities, planners and dwellers in respect to the landscape are preserving the landscape of a village as an entirety, more detailed plans of special management, preservation and revitalization of green areas, preservation and management of surface water, popularizing regulations of regional architecture and landscape preservation among inhabitants of villages, social and educational organizations and local authorities.

14

Parki podworskie w strefie podmiejskiej Wrocławia

Borcz Z., Czechowicz M.

Architektura Krajobrazu

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2003

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nr 3-4

24-27

EN

Many manor parks are to be found in Lower Silesia countryside. Within the suburban communes, as: Długołęka, Prusice, Sobótka situated nearby Wrocław, almost 50% of the villages still have the manor parks. They are mostly overgrown and neglected by their post-war users, such as schools or the agricultural cooperatives. After the socio-political transformation from the early 1990s, the private persons have started to buy the better preserved parks, which are recently well maintained. The new types of devastation derive from the vast sprawl of the housing areas. The architectural forms of the buildings are often inspired by historical shapes and details of the neighbouring palaces, although the visual effects of highly differentiated houses grouped on the small sites can be estimated as far from the expectations of the owners. The paper points at the difficulties in combining the short-term economic and social goals with the requirements of greenery preservation and maintenance.

15

Formy architektoniczne towarzyszące wodzie

Borcz Z.

Architektura Krajobrazu

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2001

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nr 2-3

35-40

EN

Water in landscape has existed in many forms, in the context of various architectural and engineering structures, contributing not only a utilitarian but also an aesthetic value. The author discusses selected examples of small architecture related to water found in parks and gardens. Historic timber structures, like water-mills and sweeps, are also presented. No longer serving their original purpose, some water-mills have been preserved in skansens or adapted to other functions. Springs and wells have been a constant feature of human activity, supplying water for the population, adorning parks and gardens. Some springs have been regarded as sacred. Spas have been founded to benefit from medicinal springs. Interesting structures connected with water are fountains, embellishing town squares and parks. The forms have changed over time, reflecting contemporaneous styles in architecture and sculpture. Small bridges and foot-bridges found in parks and rural areas often enhance the landscape's natural beauty.

16

Architektura krajobrazu jako kierunek studiów

Borcz Z.

Architektura Krajobrazu

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2001

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nr 1

60-63

EN

According to a contemporary definition, landscape is the physionomy of the earth's surface, here natural and anthropogenic factors are present. A landscape requires protection, recultivation and forming. The landscape architecture as a separate study programe first appeared in 1900 at the Harvard University in the U.S.A. The theoretician Charles Eliot perceived landscape architecture as the art of beauty; its object was to shape and protect beauty of countryside and town settlements. Tadeusz Totwiński, the nestor of Polish town planning, links landscape architecture with spatial planning. Though Polish tradition in education of landscape architecture is over seventy-year, the profession of landscape architect has had its place on the official list of professions since 1995, thanks to initiatives of Warsaw Agricultural University - Faculty of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture and Cracow University of Technology - Faculty of Architetcture. In 1999 the Chief Board of Higher Education approved the minimum requirements for studies in landscape architecture. A graduate of the Department of Landscape Architecture should posses knowledge of landscape shaping, park and garden planning, as well as designing urban and open landscape. He should be prepared to cooperate with the specialists of other disciplines. In October 1999 the master's program in landscape architecture was opened at the Faculty of Environment Engineering and Geodesy of the Academy of Agriculture in Wrocław. The courses are taught in cooperation with the faculty of the University, University of Technology and the Academy of Fine Arts in Wroclaw. The similar courses were opened in the same year at University of Technology in Cracow and at Agricultural Academy in Szczecin.The longest tradition in education of landscape architects in Poland has Warsaw Agricultural University.