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1

Impact of Municipal Solid Waste Landfill on Environment – a Case Study

Vaverková M. D., Adamcová D., Zloch J., Radziemska M., Boas Berg A., Voběrková S., Maxianová A.

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2018

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Vol. 19, nr 4

55--68

EN

Landfill is the oldest and the most common form of removal and disposal of waste, constituting the final disposal method of municipal solid waste (MSW). It is well known that the impact of MSW landfills can cause pollution of all environmental components. The negative environmental impact of landfills can be reduced by applying protection technologies and appropriate solid waste management technologies. The present study undertook monitoring of the Štěpánovice MSW landfill influence on the environment. The spatial characteristics of the area influenced by the landfill and the possible impact of leachate using phytotoxicity tests were carried out. The landfill itself is engineered, with bottom liner and leachate and landfill gas collection and treatment system. The landfill has not had any direct and significant influence on the surrounding environment and water quality so far.

2

Assessment Strategies for Municipal Selective Waste Collection – Regional Waste Management

Boas Berg A., Radziemska M., Adamcová D., Zloch J., Vaverková M. D.

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2018

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Vol. 19, nr 1

33--41

EN

Waste disposal in landfill sites causes a potential hazard for the human health, as they release substantial amounts of gas, odours and pollutants to the environment. There have been vast reductions in the volume of waste being landfilled in many European countries and a reduction in the number of illegal landfills. The European Parliament’s laws obliged the Member States to amend the national waste law; the main objectives of the implemented directives are to create the conditions for the prevention of excessive waste. Directive 2008/98/EC establishes, as a goal for 2020, that waste reuse and recycling reach 50% of the total waste produced. Poland, having joined the European Union, committed itself to implementing many changes related to waste management. The amendment of the law on the maintenance of cleanliness and order in the municipalities imposed new obligations regarding the waste management (WM) on the local government and residents. By adopting a municipal waste management system, the selected municipality made all its residents responsible for their waste. However, the fact of introducing changes does not solve the waste problem. The implementation of EU directives and the development of strategic documents such as the National Waste Management Plan (NWMP) have made a clear change in the WM approach. One of the changes was the establishment of selective collection of municipal selective waste (MSW), with the issue of collecting the waste by the residents being a priority. This work describes the legal context of selective collection of MSW as one of the most effective means of reducing the amount of waste being landfilled.

3

Research of the biodegradability of degradable/biodegradable plastic material in various types of environments

Adamcová D., Radziemska M., Fronczyk J., Zloch J., Vaverková M. D.

Przegląd Naukowy Inżynieria i Kształtowanie Środowiska

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2017

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Vol. 26, No. 1

3--14

EN

Research was carried out in order to assess biodegradability of degradable/biodegradable materials made of HDPE and mixed with totally degradable plastic additive (TDPA additive) or made of polyethylene (PE) with the addition of pro-oxidant additive (d2w additive), advertised as 100% degradable or certifi ed as compostable within various types of environments. Research conditions were: (i) controlled composting environment – laboratory-scale, (ii) real composting conditions – domestic compost bin, (iii) real composting conditions – industrial composting plant and (iv) landfill conditions. The results demonstrate that the materials made of HDPE and mixed with totally degradable plastic additive (TDPA additive) or made of polyethylene (PE) with the addition of pro-oxidant additive (d2w additive) or advertised as 100% degradable did not biodegrade in any of the above-described conditions and remained completely intact at the end of the tests. Biodegradation of the certified compostable plastic bags proceeded very well in laboratory-scale conditions and in real composting conditions – industrial composting plant, however, these materials did not biodegrade in real composting conditions – domestic compost bin and landfill conditions.

4

Waste management law by example of a small European commune

Boas Berg A., Zloch J, Radziemska M., Adamcová D., Vaverková M. D.

Infrastruktura i Ekologia Terenów Wiejskich

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2017

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nr IV/1

1329--1341

EN

The aim of this article was to present the rules governing the waste management system (WMS) and identify the changes emerging as a result of new regulations being introduced by example of Wołomin commune. European, Polish and Czech regulations clearly indicate the value of the hierarchy of waste management (WM). A response to the amended law was the modification of the WMS in communes, including the Wołomin commune. Based on performed analysis and discussions, it can be stated that the municipal waste management system (MWMS) in the commune of Wołomin meets the requirements imposed by the legislator, works efficiently and positively influences the condition of the natural environment. In addition, the information obtained has been generalized and compared with the situation in the Czech Republic (CR).

5

The Toxicity of Two Types of Sewage Sludge from Wastewater Treatment Plant for Plants

Adamcová D., Vaverková M. D., Břoušková E.

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2016

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Vol. 17, nr 2

33--37

EN

The aim of the present study was the estimation of the phytotoxicity of soils amended with sewage sludge with relation to Sinapis alba L. The study was realized in the system of a plot experiment. Two kinds of sewage sludge: dewatered and anaerobically stabilized sludge with dry matter content of about 24%, and dewatered sludge “Palikal” with dry matter content of about 92%. The results indicate that the tested samples are toxic. Growth inhibition at the studied samples ranged from 70.45% to 100%.

6

Emission Assessment at the Štěpánovice Municipal Solid Waste Landfill Focusing on Ch4 Emissions

Adamcová D., Vaverková M., Břoušková E.

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2016

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Vol. 17, nr 3

9--17

EN

The study was conducted to measure the emission from landfill in the years 2005– 2011. The results are used to diagnose the emissions of CH4. The mean value of CH4 in vol. % in the collection wells ranged from 0 to 2.14 vol. % the mean concentration of CH4 in mg/m3 ranged from 0 to 25 251 mg/m3, the average concentration of CH4 in mg/Nm3 at the measuring and control points ranged from 2.2 to 24.1 mg/Nm3. CH4 emissions from the landfill do not exceed the reporting thresholds the landfill does not meet conditions for being included in the Integrated Register of Pollutants.

7

Does Composting of Biodegradable Municipal Solid Waste on the Landfill Body Make Sense?

Adamcová D., Vaverková M.

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2016

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Vol. 17, nr 1

30--37

EN

In this study white mustard (Sinapis alba) plants were allowed to grow in earthen pots, treated with municipal solid waste compost (MSWC) to study the effect of MSWC on the plant biomass production. Twenty-one days from the establishment of the experiment sprouts and the number of growing plants occurring in the earthen pots were counted. Plants growing in the earthen pots with the compost samples exhibited an increasing plant biomass while no changes were observed in their appearance; retarded growth or necrotic changes were not recorded. The performed phytotoxicity tests show that the analyzed composts produced in the composting plant situated on the landfill surface achieved high percentages of the germinating capacity of white mustard (Sinapis alba) seeds and can be therefore used in the subsequent reclamation of the concerned landfill.

8

Analysis of Biodegrability of Degradable/Biodegradable Plastic Material in Controlled Composting Environment

Adamcová D., Vaverková M. D., Mašíček T., Břoušková E.

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2016

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Vol. 17, nr 4

1--10

EN

We have obtained eight degradable/biodegradable materials based on starch (certified compostable), sample 4–7, HDPE mixed with totally degradable plastic additive (TDPA), sample 2 and polyethylene with the addition of pro-oxidant additive (d2w), sample 1. Composition of sample 3 has not been reported. The materials have been tested as to the rate and character of their degradability/biodegradability in controlled composting conditions. Experiment explored also the effect of degradation/biodegradation of plastic bags on compost quality. The material of the original samples was subjected to assessment using the Nicolet 6700 FT-IR spectrometer, the outcome thereof was obtaining infrared spectra of the samples. For further specification the original samples were tested using the thermogravimetrical analysis. The texture of the foils at different stages of degradation is presented in the Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) photographs. Plastic bags certified as compostable have degraded in laboratory conditions and their degradation had no impact on the quality and features of compost. Selected samples (4, 6) showed significant erosion on surface when subjected to the SEM analysis. Samples labeled (by their producers) as 100% degradable (samples 1, 2, 3) did not show any visual signs of degradation and the process of degradation had no impact on the quality and features of compost. Only one of the samples (sample 1) showed certain erosion of surface when submitted for the SEM analysis.

9

Jatropha seed cake and organic waste compost: the potential for improvement of soil fertility

Elbl J., Sláma P., Vaverková M. D., Plošek L., Adamcová D., Škarpa P., Kynický J., Havlíček Z., Dvořáčková H., Brtnický M., Kabourková E.

Ecological Chemistry and Engineering. S

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2016

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Vol. 23, nr 1

131--141

EN

Modern agriculture faces to new challenges and problems. Application of organic waste compost (Cp) and Jatropha seed cake (JSC) represents new possibilities to improve soil organic matter (SOM) and thus reduce the risk of soil degradation. Our paper presents results of laboratory experiment. Based on these results, we conclude that the application of organic substances has positive effect on soil fertility but the impact of individual substances is different. JSC has higher influence on soil properties (microbial activity and plant production) in the short term. Conversely, Cp affects soil properties in the long term. These properties are due to their chemical composition.

10

Evaluation of landfill leachate pollution: findings from a monitoring study at municipal waste landfill

Vaverková M. D., Adamcová D.

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2015

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Vol. 16, nr 2

19--32

EN

The monitoring that was carried out at the landfill specialized in leachate, groundwater and surface water. There were 6 sampling sites. The observed parameters were pH, BOD5, CODCr, conductivity. Leachate reached the high values in all observed parameters. Groundwater samples were collected at two monitoring wells and the sampling site (A, B, C). Surface water was collected from two sampling sites (D, E). The pH showed slightly acid values at all sampling points. The pH of surface water was slightly acid to neutral. Both BOD5 and CODCr values remained stable over the reporting period. The average conductivity value at sampling points D, E remained constant. In line with the Czech National Standard ČSN 75 7221 “Classification of Surface Water Quality” sampling point D belongs to II Water Quality Class – slightly polluted water and sampling site E to Class I water quality – unpolluted water. The authors believe that the fluctuations occurring with regard to the values of certain samples were not caused by the operation of the landfill itself, but were a result of the intense agricultural activity nearby the landfill.

11

Biodegrability of Bioplastic Materials in a Controlled Composting Environment

Vaverková M. D., Adamcová D.

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2015

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Vol. 16, nr 3

155--160

EN

The objective of this study was to determine the biodegradability of bioplastic materials – sponge cloths – available on the European market that are labeled as 100% biodegradable but not certified as compostable. The test was carried out in a controlled composting environment. The project length was 22 weeks. The emphasis was put on discovering whether the sponge cloths are biodegradable or not. Based on the results thereof it can be concluded that sponge cloths have not decomposed completely but their color has changed and that degradation and physical changes occurred. Samples A1, and A2 have not decomposed completely and exhibited very slow degradation rate. Sample B5 exhibited the highest degradation rate. Samples B3, B4 exhibited high degree of decomposition. The main conclusion from this study is that biodegradation of bioplastics materials strongly depends on both the environment in which they are placed and the chemical nature of the material.

12

Emission assessment at the Štepánovice municipal landfill focusing on CO2 emissions

Vaverková M., Adamcová D

Environment Protection Engineering

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2015

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Vol. 41, nr 1

111--123

EN

Emission concentrations from the landfill Štěpánovice have been examined. Measurements were carried out in the years 2004–2011. The results of the study were used to diagnose the emissions of CO2 as important landfill gas components. They indicate that the concentration of CO2 emissions and the annual sum of these emissions do not exceed the reporting thresholds and therefore, the landfill does not meet conditions for being included in the integrated register of polluters.

13

Do the degradable/biodegradable plastic materials decompose in domestic compost bin?

Vaverková M., Adamcová D., Klapsiová V.

Proceedings of ECOpole

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2014

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Vol. 8, No. 1

87--94

EN

Biodegradation of plastic materials advertised as degradable/biodegradable or certified as compostable was tested in composting conditions (domestic compost bin). This study was carried out in order to assess the biodegradability of the samples under real conditions of home composting, and to find out whether there were any physical changes in terms of their thickness when exposed to natural composting environment. The samples were obtained from retail chains in the Czech Republic, Poland, Slovakia and the UK. The experimental samples were placed in home compost bins and were checked and visually assessed during the experiment, which lasted 14 weeks. From the results it can be concluded that the polyethylene samples with the additive (samples A, B and E) have not decomposed, their colour has not changed and that no degradation neither physical changes has occurred. Samples C, F have not decomposed. Samples certified as compostable G, H and I have not decomposed. Sample D exhibited the highest decomposition rate. The main conclusion from this study is that degradable/biodegradable plastics or plastics certified as compostable are not suitable for home composting.

PL

Biodegradacja materiałów sztucznych reklamowanych jako degradowalne/biodegradowalne oraz certyfikowanych jako kompostowalne była badana w przydomowych warunkach kompostowania (w kompostownikach). Badania zostały przeprowadzone w celu oceny rozkładu próbek w rzeczywistych warunkach kompostowania oraz w celu sprawdzenia, czy badane próbki wykazują jakiekolwiek zmiany fizyczne. Badane materiały pochodziły z sieci sklepów handlowych w Czechach, Polsce, Słowacji i Wielkiej Brytanii. Umieszczone w domowym kompostowniku próbki sprawdzano i oceniano wzrokowo podczas eksperymentu, który trwał 14 tygodni. Na podstawie wyników można stwierdzić, że próbki wykonane z polietylenu z dodatkami (próbki A, B i E) nie uległy rozkładowi, ich barwa nie zmieniła, jak też nie wystąpiła degradacja fizyczna, nie rozłożyły się także próbki C, F. Również próbki certyfikowane jako kompostowalne G, H i I nie uległy rozkładowi. Próbka D wykazywała najwyższy stopień rozkładu. Z przeprowadzonego doświadczenia wynika, że degradowalne/biodegradowalne oraz certyfikowane jako kompostowalne tworzywa sztuczne nie nadają się do przydomowego kompostowania.

14

How do degradable/biodegradable plastic materials decompose in home composting environment?

Vaverková M., Adamcová D., Zloch J

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2014

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Vol. 15, nr 4

82--89

EN

This paper provides information about biodegradability of polymeric (biodegradable/ degradable) materials advertised as 100%-degradable or certified as compostable, which may be a part of biodegradable waste, in home composting conditions. It de-scribes an experiment that took place in home wooden compost bins and contained 9 samples that are commonly available in retail chains in the Czech Republic and Poland. The experiment lasted for the period of 12 weeks. Based on the results thereof it can be concluded that polyethylene samples with additive (samples 2, 4, 7) have not decomposed, their color has not changed and that no degradation or physical changes have occurred. Samples 1, 3 and 5 certified as compostable have not decomposed. Sample 6 exhibited the highest decomposition rate. Samples 8, 9 (tableware) exhib-ited high degree of decomposition. The main conclusion from this study is that degradable/ biodegradable plastics or plastics certified as compostable are not suitable for home composting.

15

Evaluation of landfill pollution with special emphasis on heavy metals

Vaverková M., Adamcová D

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2014

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Vol. 15, nr 2

1--6

EN

Monitoring leachate, groundwater and surface water aiming to determinate the concentration of heavy metals (Hg, Zn, Ni, Cr+6,Cd, Pb) at the municipal solid waste landfill Štěpánovice took place in the years 2002–2010. The values of heavy metals concentration oscillated as follows: Zn (0.05 – 0.37 μg/ dm3), Cr+6 (0.01 – 3.3 μg/dm3), Hg (0.0001 – 0.001 (μg/ dm3), Ni (0.001 – 0.19 μg/ dm3, Cd (0.001 – 0.007 μg/ dm3) and Pb (0.002 – 0.176 μg/dm3). The measured data show that the concentrations of heavy metals met the limits provided by law. Under the current landfill operation mode, the results of measurements do not indicate any negative impact on the quality of surface water, groundwater or leachate water.

16

Assessing of various methods of cast-off tyre disposal

Adamcová D., Vaverková M., Toman F., Kotovicová J.

Environment Protection Engineering

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2014

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Vol. 40, nr 2

115--130

EN

Production of cast-off tyres and ways of dealing with this waste have been analysed. Possible ways of processing cast-off tyres such as "use as fuel" and "tyre crushing" have been compared in terms of their environmental impacts. The presented research is ecobalance and despite using the knowledge of LCA method, the method itself according to ISO standards is not applied. Use for energy ("use as fuel" process) was assessed as more environmentally efficient, i.e. with lower environmental impacts than "tyre crushing".

17

Influence of fertilization on microbial activities, soil hydrophobicity and mineral nitrogen leaching

Elbl J., Vaverková M., Adamcová D., Plošek L., Kintl A., Lošák T., Hynšt J., Kotovicová J.

Ecological Chemistry and Engineering. S

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2014

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Vol. 21, nr 4

661--676

EN

This work presents the analysis of the influence of compost and reclamation substrate addition and mineral fertilizers application on leaching of mineral nitrogen, microbial activities, soil hydrophobicity and plant biomass production. To demonstrate the effect of compost, reclamation substrate and mineral nitrogen (Nmin) addition on above parameters, the pot experiment was performed. As a model crop, Deschampsia caespitosa L. was used and cultivated for 63 days in climate chamber. The leaching of Nmjn was measured by application of ion exchange discs, soil hydrophobicity was determined based on the values of saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ksat) and microbial activity was expressed as basal (BR) and substrate induced respiration (SIR). Four variants (V1-V4) with different doses of fertilizers were prepared: V1 - control without addition of fertilizers; V2 - this variant of experiment was prepared as mixture of compost and arable land in ratio 7:3; V3 - 90 g/m2 of mineral fertilizers NPK (in the ratio 1:1:1) were applied there and into V4, dose 30 g of compost were applied. The significant differences (P < 0.05) in the detection of Nmin, values of Ksat and SIR were found. The highest decrease of mineral nitrogen leaching was observed by the simultaneous applications of compost (V4) to arable soil, about 50% in comparison with the variant V4 (application of mineral fertilization) and about 10% in comparison with the control. Variants with addition of compost (V2 and V4) showed higher values than variants without, which were measured at three stages (before application of Nmin - 12 days after establishment of the experiment; after application of Nmin - 34 days; at end of the experiment - 63 days). During the experiment, two types of respiration were measured: BR and SIR. The significant differences in SIR were found between variants with addition of compost and variants without. The SIR (cumulative production of CO2) was higher about 25% in variants V2 and V4 compared to variants V1 and V3. The highest values of Ksat were found in variants with addition of compost. Conversely, the lowest value of Ksat was detected in variant with addition of Nmin. Low values of Ksat indicate an increased level of hydrophobicity.

PL

W pracy przedstawiono analizę wpływu kompostu, substratu rekultywacyjnego oraz zastosowanie nawozów mineralnych na wymywanie azotu mineralnego, działalności mikroorganizmów, hydrofobowość gleby i produkcję biomasy roślinnej. W celu zbadania efektu wykorzystania kompostu, substratu rekultywacyjnego oraz azotu mineralnego (Nmin) został przeprowadzony eksperyment w doniczkach. Jako modelowa roślina została wykorzystana Deschampsia caespitosa L, którą hodowano przez 63 dni w komorze klimatycznej. Wymywanie Nmin zostało zmierzone przy zastosowaniu tarcz jonowymiennych, hydrofobowość gleby określono na podstawie wartości przewodnictwa nasyconego hydraulicznego (Ksat), a aktywność mikrobiologiczną wyrażono jako podstawową (BR) oraz wskaźnik oddychania podłoża (SIR). Wykorzystano cztery próbki (V1-V4) o różnych dawkach nawozów: V1 - kontrola bez dodatku nawozu, V2 - mieszanka kompostu oraz gleby w stosunku 7:3, V3 - 90 g/m2 nawozu mineralnego NPK (w stosunku 1:1:1) oraz V4 - dawka 30 g kompostu. Stwierdzono znaczne różnice (P < 0,05) w badaniu Nmin, wartości Ksat oraz SIR. Największy ubytek azotu mineralnego zaobserwowano podczas jednoczesnej aplikacji kompostu (V4) do gleby uprawnej, około 50% w porównaniu z próbką V4 (zastosowanie nawożenia mineralnego) i około 10% w porównaniu z kontrolą. Próbki z dodatkiem kompostu (V2 i V4) wykazywały wyższe wartości niż próbki bez kompostu, co zostało zmierzone w trzech etapach (przed zastosowaniem Nmin - 12 dni po rozpoczęciu eksperymentu, po zastosowaniu Nmin - 34 dni oraz na koniec eksperymentu - 63 dni). Podczas eksperymentu respiracja była mierzona: BR oraz SIR. Wyraźne różnice w SIR zostały zaobserwowane pomiędzy próbkami z dodatkiem kompostu oraz próbkami bez dodatku kompostu. SIR (skumulowana produkcja CO2) była wyższa o około 25% w próbkach V2 oraz V4 w porównaniu z próbkami V1 oraz V3. Najwyższe wartości Ksat zaobserwowano w przypadku próbek z dodatkiem kompostu. Wartość najniższą Ksat zaobserwowano dla próbek bez dodatku Nmin. Niskie wartości Ksat wykazują zwiększony poziom hydrofobowości.

18

Evaluation of biodegradability of plastics bags in composting conditions

Vaverková M., Adamcová D., Kotovicová J., Toman F.

Ecological Chemistry and Engineering. S

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2014

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Vol. 21, nr 1

45--57

EN

Biodegradation of plastics bags advertised as 100%-degradable or certified as compostable was tested in composting conditions. Samples were placed into frames and inserted into one clamp within the compost pile to investigate the biodegradation. The plastics bags were obtained from chain stores in the Czech Republic and Poland. The shopping bags were made of HDPE with the TDPA additive (sample 2), PP with an addition of pro-oxidants (d2w) (samples 1, 3) and materials certified as compostable (starch, polycaprolactone) (samples 4, 5, 6, 7). Control sample (cellulose filtering paper, sample 8) was to check the potential of biological decomposition in the tested environment. At the end of the 12-week experimental period it was found that the polyethylene samples with the additive (samples 1, 2, 3) had not been decomposed, their colour had not changed and that no degradation neither physical changes had occurred (did not biodegrade). Samples certified as compostable (samples 4, 5, 6, 7) were decomposed. The results at the municipal compost facility demonstrate that the compostable plastics biodegrade and polyethylene samples with the additive did not biodegrade in compost.

PL

Badano biodegradację plastikowych toreb reklamowych ulegających w 100% rozkładowi oraz certyfikowanych jako kompostowalne w warunkach kompostowania. W celu oceny biodegradacji próbki zostały umieszczone w ramach, a następnie w materiale przeznaczonym do kompostowania. Plastikowe torby są dostępne w sieci sklepów w Czechach, jak również w Polsce. Badaniu poddano osiem próbek. Jedną z nich była jednorazowa torba wykonana z folii HDPE z dodatkiem TDPA (próbka 2). Kolejne torby były wykonane z polietylenu z dodatkiem oxo-biodegradacji d2w (próbki 1, 3). Cztery próbki posiadały certyfikat kompostowalności (próbki 4, 5, 6, 7). Próbka ósma była próbką kontrolną (celulozowy papier filtracyjny, próbka 8), która miała na celu sprawdzenie potencjału biologicznego rozkładu badanego środowiska. Test został przeprowadzony w warunkach kompostowni przemysłowej. Pod koniec 13-tygodniowego okresu doświadczalnego stwierdzono, że próbki z polietylenu (próbki 1, 2, 3) nie uległy rozkładowi, ich barwa się nie zmieniła oraz że nie ma zmian fizycznych potwierdzających degradację. Próbki posiadające certyfikat kompostowalności (próbki 4, 5, 6, 7) uległy rozkładowi w różnym stopniu. Z przeprowadzonego doświadczenia wynika, że kompostowalne torby uległy rozkładowi, a torby wykonane z polietylenu z dodatkiem TDPA oraz d2w nie ulegają rozkładowi w kompoście.

19

The effect of biodegradation/degradation of degradable plastic material on compost quality

Adamcová D., Toman F., Vaverková M., Kotovicová J.

Ecological Chemistry and Engineering. S

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2013

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Vol. 20, nr 4

783--798

EN

The objective of this study was to find out whether the quality of compost would change during the process of composting carrier bags claimed by manufacturers as compostable or biodegradable in terms of parameters stipulated in the standard ČSN 46 5735 Industrial composts. Eight samples were subjected to the composting process in laboratory conditions. The compost samples were analyzed in the accredited laboratory. All samples met parameters stipulated for Class II. Seven samples of the eight met parameters stipulated in the standard ČSN 46 5735 for Class I. The samples had no influence on compost characteristics: strength, content of water and salt, pH value, content of nutrients or proportion of organic substances; other components of the compost remained unchanged. Optical changes of the compost did not occur either.

PL

Celem badań było określenie wpływu procesu kompostowania „jednorazowych” plastikowych toreb dostępnych na rynku, które są oznaczone jako biodegradowalne/degradowalne, jak również toreb certyfikowanych jako nadające się do kompostu, na jakość kompostu oraz dotrzymania wymagań określonych w normie CSN 46 5735 Komposty przemysłowe. Osiem próbek poddano procesowi kompostowania w warunkach laboratoryjnych. Próbki powstałego kompostu analizowano w akredytowanym laboratorium. Wszystkie próbki spełniały parametry określone w normie dla klasy II. Siedem z ośmiu próbek spełniało parametry określone w normie CSN 46 5735 dla klasy I. Próbki poddane recyklingowi organicznemu nie miały wpływu na właściwości kompostu: konsystencję, zawartość wody i soli, wartość pH, zawartość składników odżywczych lub stosunek substancji organicznych; składniki kompostu pozostały niezmienione. Nie zaobserwowano także zmian w wyglądzie kompostu.

20

Study of the Biodegrability of Degradable/Biodegradable Plastic Material in a Controlled Composting Environment

Vaverková M., Toman F., Adamcová D., Kotovicová J.

Ecological Chemistry and Engineering. S

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2012

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Vol. 19, nr 3

347-358

EN

The objective of this study was to determine the degrability/biodegradability of disposable plastic bags available on the market that are labeled as degradable/biodegradable and those certified as compost. The investigated materials were obtained from chain stores in the Czech Republic and Poland. Seven kinds of bags (commercially available) were used in this study. One of them was a disposable bag made of HDPE and mixed with totally degradable plastic additive (TDPA additive). Another was a disposable made of polyethylene with the addition of pro-oxidant additive (d2w additive). One was labeled as 100% degradable within various periods of time, from three months up to three years, and four were certified as compostable. The test was carried out in a controlled composting environment. The biodisintegration degree of the obtained pieces was evaluated following a modified version of ČSN EN 14806 Norm ‘‘Packaging - Preliminary evaluation of the disintegration of the packaging materials under simulated composting conditions in a laboratory scale test” and a modified version of ČSN EN ISO 20200 “Plastics - Determination of the degree of disintegration of plastic materials under simulated composting conditions in laboratory-scale test” (ISO 20200:2004). The emphasis was put on determination whether the bags are degradable/biodegradable or not.

PL

Celem badań było określenie degradacji/biodegradacji „jednorazowych” plastikowych toreb dostępnych na rynku, które są oznaczone jako degradowalne/biodegradowalne, jak również toreb certyfikowanych jako nadające się do kompostowania. Badane materiały są dostępne w sieci sklepów w Czechach oraz w Polsce. Badaniu poddano siedem próbek. Jedną z nich była jednorazowa torba wykonana z folii HDPE ( polietylenu łatwo degradowalnego) z dodatkiem TDPA (powodującego całkowitą degradację folii polietylenowej). Badano też torby wykonane z różnymi dodatkami, co powodowało ich rozkład w określonym czasie. Testy zostały przeprowadzone w kontrolowanych warunkach kompostowania. Stopień rozkładu określono za pomocą zmodyfikowanej wersji normy ČSN EN 14806 „Opakowania - Ocena wstępna rozpadu materiałów opakowaniowych w symulowanych warunkach kompostowania w badaniach w skali laboratoryjnej” oraz zmodyfikowanej wersji normy ČSN EN ISO 20200 „Tworzywa sztuczne - Oznaczanie stopnia rozpadu tworzyw sztucznych w symulowanych warunkach kompostowania w skali laboratoryjnej” (ISO 20200:2004). Głównym celem badań było określenie, czy jednorazowe torby ulegają degradacji/biodegradacji czy nie.