The Internet and cyberspace are a gradually developing structure. Every second, new devices, systems and users connect within the network, which causes constant growth and changes in the sphere of threats arising from cyberspace. Türkiye is one of the countries in the world most exposed to cyber threats. However, one of its goals was to bring the field of cybersecurity to an international level. The aim of this article is to present the framework of Türkiye’s cybersecurity policy and answer the following questions: What steps have been taken in Türkiye to protect the state and society against the effects of threats in cyberspace? In which areas has Türkiye achieved significant progress in cyberspace protection, and which are still the biggest challenges?
PL
Internet i cyberprzestrzeń stanowią stopniowo rozwijającą się strukturę. W każdej sekundzie nowe urządzenia, systemy oraz użytkownicy łączą się w sieci, co powoduje ciągły wzrost i zmiany w sferze zagrożeń płynących z cyberprzestrzeni. Turcja to jedno z państw świata najbardziej narażonych na zagrożenia cybernetyczne. Jednak jednym z jego celów stało się doprowadzenie dziedziny cyberbezpieczeństwa do międzynarodowego poziomu. Celem niniejszego artykułu jest pokazanie polityki cyberbezpieczeństwa Turcji i odpowiedź na następujące pytania: Jakie kroki zostały podjęte w Turcji w celu zabezpieczenia państwa i społeczeństwa przed skutkami zagrożeń w cyberprzestrzeni? W jakich sferach Turcja osiągnęła znaczące postępy w ochronnie cyberprzestrzeni, a co w dalszym ciągu jest największym wyzwaniem?
Objectives: The purpose of article is to present the issue of migration crisis management in the context of securitization theory. It is of key importance to show the way in which the phenomenon of migration and crises are presented to the Polish public by political actors, as well as the actions taken to solve them. The analysis covers two important migration crises in the recent years, namely the EU refugee crisis that was particularly intensified in 2015 and the crisis on the Belarusian border in 2021-2022. Methods: The approach used in the research process is descriptive and exploratory in its nature. The main methods used in this study include desk research and a systematic review of literature and of websites concerning securitization theory and migration crises selected as case studies. Results: What is also associated with the policies and practices in place at the time of migration crises, is a negative migration discourse, compounded by a narrative that describes migration and migrants as a threat, and images designed to create fear. Socially constructed “threats of migration” as a security issue in Poland concern migrants from the Middle East and Africa. Conclusions: In a situation referred to as a crisis, during which migrants are defined as a threat requiring the use of emergency measures, policymakers have an option of managing migration to limit its scale. This model involves, among other things, closing borders, increasing the number of services, denying asylum requests or, finally, erecting a fence and a monitoring system in the cross-border area.
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