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PL
Dwutlenek węgla o parametrach nadkrytycznych jest płynnym stanem dwutlenku węgla, który utrzymywany jest powyżej jego punktu krytycznego (to jest krytycznego ciśnienia i temperatury). Gęstość w tym punkcie jest podobna do gęstości cieczy i pozwala znacznie zmniejszyć moc pompowania, zwiększając sprawność konwersji energii cieplnej na elek-tryczną. W latach sześćdziesiątych badano różne właściwości gazów w celu znalezienia najbardziej odpowiedniego dla zastosowań w nadkrytycznych obiegach termodynamicznych. Dwutlenek węgla został zaproponowany jako czynnik roboczy z kilku powodów. Po pierwsze, jego właściwości fizyczne pozwalają na niższe ciśnienia robocze. Po drugie właściwości termodynamiczne są dobrze znane. Dwutlenek węgla jest nietoksyczny i jest stosunkowo tani. Ponadto wymagany jest mniejszy rozmiar maszyn i urządzeń w porównaniu z układem parowym co zmniejsza koszty inwestycyjne. Artykuł prezentuje porównanie struktur i parametrów układów z nadkrytycznym dwutlenkiem węgla oraz postęp w ich rozwoju.
EN
Supercritical CO2 is a fluid state of carbon dioxide where it is held above its critical point (i.e., critical pressure and temperature). The density at that point is similar to that of a liquid and allows for the pumping power needed in a compressor to be significantly reduced, thus significantly increasing the thermal-to-electric energy conversion efficiency. In the 1960s were studied various gases properties for a purpose of finding the most suitable one for a supercritical thermodynamic cycle. Carbon dioxide was proposed as a working fluid due to several reasons. First, its physical properties allows lower operating pressures. Then, CO2 thermodynamic properties are well known. Finally, carbon dioxide is non-toxic and has relatively low cost. Also, smaller size of equipment relative to steam system reduce capital cost. The paper presents comparison of the structures and parameters of the systems with supercritical CO2 and history of its development.
EN
The paper presents a variant analysis of the structures of closed gas turbines using supercritical carbon dioxide (super-CO2) as a working fluid. Several configurations covered in the available literature were collected, commented on and compared. The parameters of the cycles, such as operating temperature and heat supply are noted and commented on. There are three main configurations considered in the available literature: the precompression cycle, partial cooling cycle, and recompression cycle.
3
Content available remote Effect of anode porosity on the performance of molten carbonate fuel cell
EN
Nickel anodes, for molten carbonate fuel cell (MCFC), of various porosities were fabricated using tape casting and firing processes. The same slurry composition but different sintering temperatures, 700 and 900°C, were used to obtain different anode porosities. Combined experimental and computational techniques were used to study the influence of anode porosity on the performance of molten carbonate fuels cell. The power generated by the 20.25 cm2 class MCFC single cell was experimentally measured at 650°C in humidified hydrogen with respect to the porosity of the anodes. The computational aspect involved the modeling of the microstructure of the sintered porous anodes which included measured size distribution of Ni powder used and porosities of the manufactured materials. For the best performing single cell, the optimal porosity for the nickel MCFC anode was experimentally determined to be 55%. Computations revealed that the specific surface area, which is a determining factor in electrochemical reactions, reaches a maximum at a porosity of 52%.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono obecny stan technologii magazynowania energii w postaci sprężonego powietrza. W oparciu o odpowiednie modele dynamiczne takich instalacji i symulacje procesów ładowania i rozładowania, przedstawiono możliwe do osiągnięcia efektywności magazynowania energii oraz towarzyszące im różnorakie definicje. Pokazano możliwości współpracy magazynów CAES ze źródłami odnawialnymi takimi jak turbiny wiatrowe czy ogniwa słoneczne, tworzące w ten sposób układy hybrydowe. Na podstawie dostępności kawern, zaproponowano szereg lokalizacji takich magazynów na terenie Polski.
EN
The article presents a current state of development of compressed air energy storage technology (CAES). Based on the appropriate dynamic models of such installations and simulations of the loading and unloading processes, the achievable energy storage efficiency and the various definitions accompanying them were shown. Opportunities for CAES to cooperate with renewable sources such as wind turbines and solar cells, thus creating hybrid systems were also pointed out. Based on the availability of caverns, a number of locations of such a storage were proposed in Poland.
PL
W artykule omówiono wybrane aspekty związane z funkcjonowaniem Bezzałogowych Systemów Latających (ang. UAS). Przedstawiono aktualny stan wykorzystania poszczególnych zakresów częstotliwości. Omówiono sposoby detekcji Bezzałogowych Statków Powietrznych (ang. UAV). Przedstawiono nową koncepcję namierzania źródeł emisji radiowych z wykorzystaniem systemu bezzałogowych rozpoznawczych platform latających opartego na idei zhierarchizowanego „roju” jako sposób na efektywne namierzanie innych systemów UAS.
EN
The article discusses some aspects related to the Unmanned Aerial System. Current status of the frequency spectrum use was presented. Practical methods of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle detection were discussed. A new concept of the radio direction finding system was proposed which uses the idea of a hierarchical swarm of UAS.
EN
This paper presents a study providing the experimental analyses on the rotary vane expander operating conditions with carbon dioxide as working fluid in comparison against air (chosen as reference). Such working fluid is promising for application as energy converters in a waste heat recovery for electric power. Experiments were performed on a prototype of rotary sliding vane expander. The experiment demonstrated that commercially available multi–vane pneumatic engines can be adopted to waste heat recovery systems. During the experiments, the operation of the multi–vane expander was kept under observation for various inlet temperature, various pressure ratios, and various rotational speeds. Adequate maps of performances for air and carbon dioxide were created, compared against each other, and commented. In general, by using the same machine, power and efficiency can be raised by only change of working fluid.
7
Content available remote Comparison of ORC and Kalina cycles for waste heat recovery in the steel industry
EN
This paper presents the results of a comparative study of waste heat recovery systems based on the Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) and Kalina Cycle (KC) that could be applied to the steel industry. The simulations were performed for an electric arc furnace (EAF) steel mill and waste heat recovery system with saturated steam as a heat carrier. Commercial software ASPEN-HYSYS. was used to calculate system performances under different loads for ORC with different working fluids (butylobenzene, n-hexane, n-pentane) and for KC. Each case was optimized for maximum system efficiency. In terms of net system electric efficiency and electric power output, under nominal operating conditions similar performances were obtained for ORC with n-pentane working fluid and KC based systems. The highest system efficiency was observed for ORC with butylobenzene as working fluid, whereas the KC becomes competitive versus ORC for heat carrier temperatures of 200°C and above.
PL
Infrastruktura krytyczna, definiowana jako urządzenia, instytucje usługowe, a także inne dziedziny, które mają istotny wpływ na poczucie bezpieczeństwa obywateli i sprawne funkcjonowanie gospodarki państwa, nabrała nowego znaczenia na przestrzeni ostatnich lat. Doświadczenia ostatnich konfliktów zbrojnych i ataków terrorystycznych oraz analiza zdarzeń wywołanych przez siły natury wskazują jednoznacznie, że zakłócenie prawidłowego działania poszczególnych elementów infrastruktury krytycznej może mieć znaczący, negatywny wpływ na jej funkcjonowanie jako systemu. Szeroki zakres potencjalnych, ewoluujących zagrożeń wymusza szukanie nowych i skutecznych rozwiązań jej ochrony.
EN
The significance of critical infrastructure, which is defined as devices, service institutions, as well as other areas that have a pertinent meaning on the sense of security of the citizens and the efficient functioning of the national economy, has gained new importance in recent years. The lessons learned from recent military conflicts and terrorist attacks, as well as analysis of events caused by natural disasters clearly demonstrate that disruption of the regular functioning of the individual elements of critical infrastructure might have a negative impact on its functioning as a single system. A wide spectrum of possible evaluating threats trigger development of new and effective solutions for protecting the critical infrastructure.
PL
Sztuczne sieci neuronowe zastosowano do optymalizacji składu mieszanek kopolimerów etylenu z octanem winylu i żywic węglowodorowych stosowanych jako kleje topliwe.
EN
An artificial neural network-based model was used for predicting components required in the manufacture of hotmelt adhesives. Use of many ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymers and hydrocarbon resins was taken into consideration to optimize the comps. and replace the new components with those available at company storage.
EN
The paper presents a concept of coupling a Solid Oxide Electrolysis Cell with a Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell for co–electrolysis of H2O with CO2 for generating synthetic fuel (methane based) for an electricity storage application on a larger scale. The concept is focused on coal/natural gas fired power plants for upgrade as peak energy storage. MCFC anode and SOEC cathode are exposed to the same flow, SOEC produces hydrogen for MCFC and MCFC delivers CO2 for methanation processes. Both electrodes have compatible polarity, thus they can be directly connected by the current collector and there is no need to apply bipolar plates. On the other side, SOEC will release oxygen to the flue gases and MCFC will capture oxygen and carbon monoxide, thus at the outlet will be a flow with increased oxygen content and decreased carbon dioxide concentration. The concept requires detailed electrochemical, chemical, and thermal simulations.
11
Content available remote Design of open-porous materials for high-temperature fuel cells
EN
Microstructure is one of the major factors influencing material properties. It is especially important for open-porous materials dedicated to catalytic applications, where fraction of pores, their size distribution and specific surface influence the diffusion of reactants and the kinetics of catalytic reactions. In these studies the numerical models of the microstructure of open-porous electrodes for molten carbonate fuel cell (MCFC) are presented. The models presented here simulate fabrication routes for real materials, including mixing of powders, tape casting and sintering processes. The substrate powders are represented by spheres with defined size distribution. Mixing and compaction of powders with polymeric binder is simulated by a granular model implemented in LAMMPS code. In the next step the polymeric phase represented by fine particles and larger porogen addition is removed to form pores. The sintering process is simulated by geometry smoothing, which results in sphere aggregation. The models presented here were compared with micro computed tomography (µCT) 3D images of real MCFC materials. Quantitative analysis of µCT images was performed and it was demonstrated that algorithms used in these studies make it possible to design materials with the desired porous microstructure.
12
Content available remote Compressed Air Energy Storage systems
EN
Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES) technology and electricity generation by this system are described in this paper. General performances and possible system efficiency definitions of those kinds of systems are indicated. Hybrid systems which consist of CAES and other Renewable Technologies - RT - (e.g. wind turbines) are presented. A possible location for CAES–RT in Poland is indicated. A dynamic mathematical model of CAES is presented; using this model the results for compressing and expanding operating modes are obtained.
PL
W pracy przedstawiono analizę wykorzystania różnych czynników chłodniczych w urządzeniu do wytwarzania energii elektrycznej. Układ zasilano ciepłem niskotemperaturowym na poziomie 80-100°C Do generowania prądu wykorzystano turbiną cieczową współpracującą z tłokiem hydraulicznym.
EN
The paper presents an analysis of the use of different refrigerants in a device for generating electricity. The system was fed with a low temperature heat at 80-10CPC To generate power used liquid turbine cooperating with a hydraulic piston.
PL
Praca zwiera wyniki przeprowadzonych procesów nauczania czterech modeli węglanowego ogniwa paliwowego opartych o sztuczne sieci neuronowe. Przeprowadzono analizę wariantową wielu sieci neuronowych. Przebadane modele dotyczą różnych wybranych zagadnień, od prostego modelowania wyłącznie wpływu temperatury, po kompletny model o 15 parametrach wejściowych. Do obliczeń sztucznych sieci neuronowych wykorzystano komercyjnie dostępne narzędzie MATLAB. Uzyskano różne konfiguracje sieci, przeważnie były to sieci z jedną warstwą ukrytą. Średni błąd z jakim modele odwzorowują pracę rzeczywistego ogniwa zawiera się w przedziale 2,4...4,6%. Dane doświadczalne wykorzystane do procesów nauczania sztucznych sieci neuronowych zostały uzyskane w wyniku przeprowadzonych badań eksperymentalnych na pojedynczych węglanowych ogniwach paliwowych o różnych powierzchniach: 20,5 cm2 i 100 cm2. Doświadczenia były prowadzone na w pełni zautomatyzowanym stanowisku doświadczalnym. Do przeprowadzenia analizy wykorzystano ponad 1200 różnych punktów doświadczalnych.
EN
The work contains the results of the learning processes of four carbonate fuel cell models based on artificial neural networks. The variant analysis of some neural networks was made. Analyzed models involve different, selected issues, from simple modeling of the effect of temperature only after a complete model of 15 input parameters. For artificial neural networks calculations the commercial software MATLAB was used. Obtained a variety of network configurations, were mostly network with one hidden layer. The average error model image with which the actual work cell is in the range 2,4 ... 4,6%. The experimental data that were used for learning processes of artificial neural networks were obtained from own experiments provided on single molten carbonate fuel cells with the area of 20,5 cm2 and 100 cm2. The experiments were made on fully automatic test bench. For the analysis, over 1200 different experimental points were taken under consideration.
EN
This article presents the off-design operation of a 900 MW-class steam turbine cycle upgraded with utilization of lowtemperature waste heat taken from boiler flue gas. The low-temperature heat contributes to increasing the efficiency of power plants without introducing many complex changes to the whole system. The base for investigations was a power unit operating in off-design conditions and supplied with steam from a BB–2400 boiler. Modifications to the model were made using commercially available software and by applying the Stodola equation and the SCC method. Calculations for off-design conditions show that, after making some modifications to the system, both heat and electricity generation could be increased through the addition of a low-temperature heat exchanger.
16
Content available remote Hydrogen utilization by steam turbine cycles
EN
Based on thermodynamic analysis, the paper presents the utilization of hydrogen in steam turbine cycles. Various configurations (GRAZ, TOSHIBA, WESTINGHOUSE and MNRC) proposed in literature are recalculated using the same software and the same thermodynamic functions, thus comparisons can be made. It is possible to achieve efficiency levels of 60% (HHV based) which is at least 10 percent points higher than the efficiency of the most efficient current power units. The investigated systems are characterized by very high specific power (2,200..4,700 kJ/kg), which is much higher (in extreme cases, by an order of magnitude) than the performance of current gas or steam turbines or combined cycles.
17
Content available remote Modele dynamiczne urządzeń pomocniczych układu SOFEC
PL
Przedstawiono 0-D modele wybranych urządzeń pomocniczych układu szczytowej elektrowni wodorowej, tj. sprężarki wodoru, wysokotemperaturowego wymiennika ciepła, oraz pompy wody, które zostały odpowiednio skalibrowane na dostępnych danych doświadczalnych. Na podstawie przeprowadzonej analizy wrażliwości opracowano wytyczne konstrukcyjne i eksploatacyjne dla tych urządzeń o przeznaczeniu do pracy w układzie z ceramicznym ogniwem paliwowym, elektrolizerem, oraz zbiornikiem na sprężony wodór.
EN
Article presents 0-D models of selected auxiliaries devices of peak-hydrogen plant, ie. hydrogen compressor, high temperature heat exchanger, and a water pump, which are suitable calibrated to the available experimental data. Based on the sensitivity analysis, the guidelines for the design and operation of these devices to allocate to work in combination with ceramic fuel cell, electrolyzer, and compressed hydrogen tank.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono dwie koncepcje zdalnego sterowania obiektami oraz omówiono rolę elementów automatyki w procesie sterowania obiektami. Zagadnienia te mają szczególne znaczenie w systemach walki elektronicznych pracujących w zakresie częstotliwości KF (1÷30 MHz).
EN
The paper describes the problem of remote control of electronic warfare objects. The article discusses two concepts of remote control and the role of automation components in the control process. Presented problems are especially relevant in HF systems (1÷30 MHz).
EN
The paper presents dynamic model of hot water storage tank. The literature review has been made. Analysis of effects of nodalization on the prediction error of generalized finite element method (GFEM) is provided. The model takes into account eleven various parameters, such as: flue gases volumetric flow rate to the spiral, inlet water temperature, outlet water flow rate, etc. Boiler is also described by sizing parameters, nozzle parameters and heat loss including ambient temperature. The model has been validated on existing data. Adequate laboratory experiments were provided. The comparison between 1-, 5-, 10- and 50-zone boiler is presented. Comparison between experiment and simulations for different zone numbers of the boiler model is presented on the plots. The reason of differences between experiment and simulation is explained.
EN
The article presents the current state of possible cooperation and control of energy sources working in the Distributed Generation system. The definition of distributed generation and classification of power sources working in such a system depending on country (which defines it) was presented. Outlined were also opportunities for development of distributed generation in Poland according to provisions of the law.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono stan obecny możliwości pracy i sterowania źródłami energii pracującymi w energetyce rozproszonej (prosumenckiej). Zaprezentowano w jaki sposób definiowana jest energetyka rozproszona w różnych krajach i jaka jest klasyfikacja źródeł rozproszonych. Nakreślone zostały również wynikające z przepisów prawa możliwości rozwoju energetyki rozproszonej w Polsce.
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