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1

Unconventional vegetable oils as raw materials for biodiesel production

Ambrosewicz-Walacik M., Tańska M., Walacik M., Kozłowski M.

Combustion Engines

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2017

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R. 56, nr 1

197--200

EN

The aim of the study was to determine the possibility of using the unconventional vegetable oils for the biofuel production. The research material were cold-pressed oils from the seeds of milk thistle, hemp and evening primrose. After conducting the initial physicochemical characteristics of oil samples, including the determination of sulphur content, acid number, viscosity at 40°C, density at 15ºC, oxidation stability and fatty acid composition, analysed oils have been subjected to the transesterification process. The roduced methyl esters were further characterized by the above-mentioned features. Additionally, the temperatures of cold filter plugging point, cloud point and flash point were determined. On the basis of the conducted analyses it was demonstrated that the obtained oils, due to the high, far in excess of acceptable, values of the viscosity and density, and too low oxidative stability could not be used as a pure fuel. A similar conclusion was formulated in case of the produced methyl esters.

2

Production of fuel blends from diesel oil and waste products

Ambrosewicz-Walacik M., Tańska M., Walacik M., Nitkiewicz S.

Combustion Engines

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2017

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R. 56, nr 4

255--258

EN

The aim of the study was to evaluate the physico-chemical parameters of the fuel blends consist of a diesel oil and waste products, such as a pyrolytic oil from car tires and a frying oil. The samples were characterized by the kinematic viscosity at 40°C, density at 15°C, acid value, sulphur content, temperature of flash point and temperature of cold filter plugging point. The obtained results indicated that the fraction of the pyrolysis oil due to the very low temperature of flash-point and high sulphur content is a difficult material to use in the biofuels sector. While the sulphur content of that material may be reduced by the desulphurisation, whereas the increasing temperature of flash point, which greatly influenced the low value of this parameter for the mixture, is problematic. What is more, a high degree of oxidation of the frying oil determined too low stability of the produced methyl esters, and thus the fuel blends.

3

Fatty acid composition as a parameter of using vegetable oils for biofuel production

Ambrosewicz-Walacik M., Tańska M., Walacik M.

Combustion Engines

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2017

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R. 56, nr 2

38--42

EN

The aim of the study was to show the validity of determining the quality of oils intendent for the biofuels production. One of the main discriminant that should be used to assess the suitability of oil raw materials for the fuel purposes is the composition of fatty acids. The research was conducted on 13 different samples of vegetable oils, that were cold-pressed from the seeds of various species, including rape, camelina, flax (light and dark), mustard, milk thistle, hemp, evening primrose oil, amaranth, sunflower, soybean, and cumin. The analysis of the fatty acid composition showed significant differences between the analysed oil samples, both within the species and varieties of oilseeds. The results indicate the need for continuous quality control of oils and fats led to the production of biodiesel in the small households and large commercial enterprises, because as it was indicated by the analysis of fatty acids composition rape seeds of different varieties are characterized by the diverse quality.

4

Variability of geometrical properties, surface color and phenolic compounds content of commercial roasted buckwheat groats

Dąbrowski G., Skrajda M., Tańska M., Ruszkowska M.

Zeszyty Naukowe Akademii Morskiej w Gdyni

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2016

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nr 94

81--90

EN

This study was aimed at evaluating commercial roasted buckwheat groats for their organoleptic and geometrical traits, color and content of phenolic compounds. An attempt was also undertaken to correlate the achieved values of the analyzed parameters. The shape, sizes and color (HIS model) were determined using Digital Image Analysis (DIA), whereas the content of phenolics was assayed spectrophotometrically with the Folin-Ciocalteu method. High variability was noted in projection area and length of seeds. In turn, seed circularity was the trait with the lowest variance coefficient. The analyzed groats differed also in color, which may be due to differences in the size of seeds subjected to the roasting process. The low variability was also found in the case of free phenolics content. Finally, the study demonstrated a positive correlation between buckwheat seed surface and the content of phenolic compounds, which may be caused by a correlation between seed size and roasting time.

5

Mikrokapsułkowanie jako metoda stabilizowania olejów jadalnych

Ogrodowska D., Czaplicki S., Tańska M.

Przemysł Spożywczy

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2016

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T. 70, nr 12

26--28

PL

W artykule przedstawiono możliwości wytwarzania, charakterystykę i zastosowanie mikrokapsułek olejów jadalnych w technologii żywności. Mikrokapsułkowanie jest techniką, za pomocą której jeden materiał lub mieszanina materiałów jest powlekana bądź zamykana wewnątrz innego materiału. Obecnie najpopularniejszą metodą kapsułkowania olejów jest suszenie rozpyłowe, które umożliwia zmianę emulsji w proszek przy jednoczesnym zachowaniu ich cennych właściwości. W artykule omówiono rodzaje otoczek mikrokapsułek oraz ich wpływ na jakość uzyskanego proszku. Do najczęściej stosowanych materiałów nośnikowych należą gumy i polisacharydy, które w dużym stopniu chronią rdzeń mikrokapsułki przed utlenianiem. Kapsułki olejów roślinnych mogą stać się alternatywą dla tradycyjnych dodatków funkcjonalnych wykorzystywanych powszechnie w przetwórstwie żywności. Obecnie są stosowane do jogurtów, serów, pieczywa, przetworów mięsnych i soków.

EN

In the present article, the possibility of production, characteristics and application of encapsulated oils in food technology were discussed. Microencapsulation is a technique used for coating or encapsulating one or more materials inside another material. Nowadays, the most popular method of oil encapsulation is spray drying, which allows transforming the emulsion into powder, simultaneously preserving its valuable properties. In the paper, the types of coating materials and their influence on the quality of the obtained powder were described. The most popular coating materials include gums and polysaccharides, which protect core of microcapsules against oxidation. Capsules of plant oils may become an alternative to traditional functional additives, used on large scale in food processing. Actually, microencapsulated oils are applied in yogurts, cheeses, breads, meat products and juices.

6

The effect of the ultrasounds treatment on frying oils intended for biodiesel production

Ambrosewicz-Walacik M., Szostak P., Nitkiewicz S., Tańska M., Walacik M.

Journal of KONES

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2016

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Vol. 23, No. 3

19--24

EN

The aim of the study was to determine the ultrasounds treatment of frying oil on their properties important in order to biodiesel production. The research material was a frying oil, which prior to transesterification oil was treated with ultrasounds (37 kHz) during 15, 30 and 60 min. In next step, prepared samples were analysed in terms of fatty acid composition, acid value, FFA % and then subjected to alkali transesterification process. After producing methyl esters the yield of biodiesel was analysed with thin liquid chromatography technique (TLC), and then samples were characterized in terms of viscosity in 40 °C, density at 15 °C, acid value, sulphur content and flash point. The results showed that an ultrasonic treatment had a little impact on the fatty acid composition of the test samples. The yield of biodiesel was the higher the longer time of ultrasounds treatment were used. One the other hand, determined with thin liquid chromatography technique yield of biodiesel was the higher the longer time of ultrasounds treatment were used. What is more, the ultrasounds treatment of oil before transesterification process had no impact on viscosity, density and acid value of these samples, while flash point values and sulphur content were changed.

7

The effect of oils quality and transesterification method on the degree of conversion of the fatty acids methyl esters

Ambrosewicz-Walacik M., Tańska M., Jankowski K.

Journal of KONES

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2016

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Vol. 23, No. 2

17--23

EN

The aim of the work was to determine the effect of oils quality and transesterification method on the degree of conversion of the fatty acids. Material consisted of 4 samples of oil: rapeseed oil obtained by the laboratory hot pressing of rape seeds oils in approx. 80 °C, waste rapeseed and palm oils and one refined rapeseed oil. Oils used in the one-stage transesterification were characterized by a lower hydrolysis and oxidation degree than the oils used in two-stage transesterification (double-base and base-acid method). The quality of the obtained crude methyl esters was determined in terms of acid number, peroxide value, the lipid composition by thin layer chromatography. Quantitative testing of the degree of transesterification and the share of individual esters of fatty acids was conducted by gas chromatography. Studies have shown that that degree of conversion of the fatty acid methyl esters is dependent on both the quality of the oil and the method of transesterification. If oils are characterized by a good quality, then a method of transesterification is less important. However, if oils are heavily contaminated, then the right technology for their transesterification should be chosen, e.g. oil with high content of FFA should be subjected to base-acid transesterification. Studies have shown. If oils are characterized by a good quality, then a method of transesterification is less important. However, if oils are heavily contaminated, then the right technology for their transesterification should be chosen, e.g. oil with high content of FFA should be subjected to base-acid transesterification.

8

Possibility of use a small fraction of rape seeds for the production of biofuels for compression ignition engines

Tańska M., Ambrosewicz-Walacik M., Nitkiewicz S.

Journal of KONES

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2016

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Vol. 23, No. 1

391--395

EN

The aim of the study was to determine the possibility of using small seeds of rape (diameter <1.6 mm,) perceived as a raw material of inferior nutritional quality, for the biofuels production. Research material was samples of industrial mass of rapeseeds originating from three Polish regions. The seed mass was cleaned in a sieve separator, removing mineral matter (stones), cereal grains, stems and dusts. Then, the sample was sifted through a set of sieves and two fractions were received: seeds with diameter >1.6 mm – sample F1 and with diameter < 1.6 mm – sample F2. Each fraction was characterized by its share in bulk mass, moisture content, 1000 seeds weight, yield of pressing, fat content and phosphorus content. Cold-pressed oils were determined in terms of total and unhydrated phosphorus content, acid value and fatty acids content. Fractionation by weight rapeseeds with using an industrial sieve separation may provide a simple method for improving the technological value of the raw material used for food purposes, and thus obtain fine seed that could be intended exclusively for the production of technical oil. Despite the stated inferior quality of small seeds, it was found that the increased values of some discriminants would not have impact on the technology of biofuel production and cost of production.

9

Geometrical features of seeds of new pumpkin forms

Ogrodowska D., Roszkowska B., Tańska M.

Agricultural Engineering

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2016

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Vol. 20, No. 1

111--118

EN

Plant growers are looking for new crops which would make farms and processing plants more profitable. Currently, in Poland, waste-free pumpkin processing is mainly associated with pumpkin seed production, oil extraction, pulverization of pumpkin oil cake to obtain pumpkin meal, the small-scale use of flesh in food production, but mainly the utilisation of flesh as a feed additive. During technological processes applied for the processing of pumpkin seeds it is important to be familiar with their physical characteristics. The aim of this study was to analyse the geometric characteristics of the seeds of new nine forms of the pumpkin variety Olga, which were bred by researchers from the Department of Plant Genetics, Breeding and Biotechnology at the Warsaw University of Life Sciences. Geometrical features were measured using the Digital Image Analysis (DIA) set, consisting of a digital camera (Nikon DXM 1200), computer and lighting (KAISER RB HF). The following geometrical features were measured: length, width, diameter, perimeter, area, circularity and elongation. Additionally, thickness of the seeds was measured by a calliper. Seeds of the studied forms of hull-less pumpkins differed from the standards in the dimensions and shape, whereas significant differences were demonstrated for the Olga variety standard. The most variable geometric characteristic of the seeds under study was area, while the least variable geometric characteristics of the pumpkin seeds turned out to be the circularity and width.

PL

Hodowcy roślin szukają nowych roślin, które sprawiają, że gospodarstwa i zakłady przetwórcze są bardziej opłacalne. Obecnie w Polsce, bezodpadowe przetwarzanie dyni jest związane przede wszystkim z produkcją nasion dyni, wydobyciem oleju, rozdrabnianiem makucha do postaci mączki dyniowej, wykorzystaniem na małą skalę miąższu w produkcji żywności, ale przede wszystkim wykorzystanie miąższu jako dodatku do pasz. Podczas procesu technologiczne stosowanego do obróbki nasion dyni ważna jest znajomość ich cech fizycznych, dlatego celem niniejszej pracy była analiza cech geometrycznych nasion nowych dziewięciu form odmiany dyni Olga, które zostały wyhodowane przez naukowców z Katedry Genetyki, Hodowli Roślin i Biotechnologii Uniwersytetu Przyrodniczego w Warszawie. Cechy geometryczne były mierzone za pomocą zestawu do Cyfrowej Analizy Obrazu (DIA) składającego się z kamery cyfrowej (Nikon DXM 1200), komputera i oświetlenia (KAISER RB HF). W pracy zostały zmierzone takie cechy geometryczne jak: długość, szerokość, średnica zastępcza, obwód, pole powierzchni, kolistość i wydłużenie. Dodatkowo zmierzono grubość nasion za pomocą suwmiarki. Nasiona badanych form dyni bezłuskowej różniły się od standardów wymiarami i kształtem, przy czym istotne różnice wykazano w porównaniu ze standardem odmiany Olga. Najbardziej zmienną cechą geometryczną badanych nasion było pole powierzchni, natomiast najmniej zmienne okazały się takie cechy jak kolistość i szerokość.

10

Zastosowanie fluorescencyjnej spektroskopii synchronicznej do oceny jakości próbek ziarna pszenicy i nasion rzepaku

Tańska M., Konopka I., Smyk B., Konopka S.

Aparatura Badawcza i Dydaktyczna

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2013

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T. 18, nr 4

355-363

PL

Celem prezentowanych badań było określenie możliwości zastosowania synchronicznej fluorescencji do odróżniania próbek ziarna pszenicy oraz nasion rzepaku różniących się jakością. Ocenie poddano próbki ziarna/nasion „zdrowych" oraz eksperymentalnie uszkodzonych termicznie (przesuszenie) i hydrolityczno-mikrobiologicznie (przechowywanie w warunkach podwyższonej wilgotności). Jakość kontrolnych próbek ziarna pszenicy i nasion rzepaku oceniono za pomocą standardowych wyróżników technologicznych oraz za pomocą analizy zawartości wybranych związków bioaktywnych (kwasy fenolowe, toko- chromanole, chlorofile). Wszystkie próbki poddano analizie spektralnej wykorzystując rejestrację synchroniczną widm fluorescencji. Zastosowanie analizy składowych głównych (PCA) pozwoliło na wskazanie głównych obszarów spektralnych wskazujących na różne typy (jakość) analizowanych próbek. Zastosowane warianty uszkodzenia ziaren/nasion bardziej wpłynęły na próbki nasion rzepaku.

EN

The aim of this study was to determine the possibility of using synchronous fluorescence to distinguish the wheat grain and rapeseed samples of different quality. We compared "healthy" grain/seed samples and experimentally damaged by heat (drying) and moisture-microbial deteriorated by storing at high moisture content. Quality of control samples was evaluated using standard methods according to Polish Standards. Additionally some selected bioactive compounds (phenolic acids, tocochromanols and chlorophylls) were also analyzed. All samples were subjected to spectral analyses using synchronous fluorescence spectroscopy. Application of principal component analysis (PCA) allowed us to identify the main areas indicating different spectral types (quality) of the analyzed samples. Utilized variants of the grains/seeds deterioration affected more significantly the rapeseed samples quality.