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Evolution of longitude description system. Example of Polish school geographical atlases (1771-2012)

Spallek W.

Polish Cartographical Review

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2017

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Vol. 49, No. 4

177--186

EN

The evolution of the mathematical foundations of maps in school geographical atlases, especially in 19th and 20th century, was one of the elements of the perception of progress in cartography by the didactics of geography. The biggest changes, ongoing also today, concerned cartographic projections used to maps design. The evolution of the geographical coordinate system is a part of this process and the basis of the theory of cartographic projections. In the paper there are described changes concerning the location of the Prime Meridian and the method of the description of longitude - elements necessary for the construction of the grid of meridians and parallels. These changes are presented on the basis of analysis of 665 atlases, what means all editions of Polish school geographical atlases between 1771 and 2012 identified by the author. The evolution of the mathematical foundations of maps in Polish school atlases over more than two centuries is an example of assimilation of the newest trends and scientific researches that takes place between science and education.

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Współtwórca wrocławskiej szkoły kartografii. Profesor Władysław Pawlak (1931-2016)

Spallek W.

Geodeta : magazyn geoinformacyjny

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2016

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nr 9

44--47

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Metody prezentacji gęstości zjawisk rozproszonych na mapach tematycznych

Spallek W.

Polski Przegląd Kartograficzny

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2002

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T. 34, nr 1

11-21

PL

W artykule zestawiono i porównano metody kartograficzne stosowane do przedstawienia gęstości zjawisk rozproszonych w celu pokazania mnogości i różnorodności sposobów, jakimi mogą dysponować autorzy map prezentujących tylko jedno zagadnienie. Ponadto przedstawiono różnice między mapami opracowanymi poszczególnymi metodami i informacje, jakie można odczytać z takich map. Problem ten ma tym większe znaczenie, że pojawia się coraz więcej map wykonywanych komputerowo przez niekartografów.

EN

The author lists and compares cartographic methods of presenting the density of dispersed phenomena: dot method, choropleth, dasymetric choropleth, isoline method, three-dimensional data models. The aim of the paper is to show the multitude and variety of methods, which can be used for presenting just one topic. It also presents differences between maps prepared with different methods and shows what information can be found in them. Wide availability of computers and software related to Geographic Information Systems (GIS), makes it possible for anyone to prepare a map. For non-cartographers the choice of method depends mainly on what methods are available (usually in the form of instructions) in a software installed in a given computer. These methods are usually choropleth and graduated circle. Often a particular method is chosen because of the lack of knowledge of other presentation methods. Cartographic methods have certain drawbacks and limitations; without knowing them one can not correctly outline the relations between the map and the aspect of reality it presents. Unskillful choice of method leads to methodically incorrect maps, which convey false information. Such often maps do not follow the rules of cartographic presentation. Therefore any software which includes ready applications for preparing thematic maps ahould also provide appropriate description of particular methods, ways of using them in map preparation, and features of resulting maps. The author, especially a non-cartographer, ought to read the description, which would help him to choose a method appropriate for the available data and topic. Cartographers have to take up the task of reducing the number of amateur cartographic presentations in various publications, also scientific, and replace them with professional maps. They should also take part in the preparation of GIS-type programs concerning thematic maps.

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Komputerowe opracowanie planu miasta a poziomy jego czytania

Medyńska-Gulij B., Spallek W.

Polski Przegląd Kartograficzny

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2002

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T. 34, nr 3

189-195

PL

Na przykładzie planów miast zaprezentowano związek wartościowej struktury graficznej dokumentu elektronicznego z poziomami czytania mapy. Omówiono cechy, jakimi powinien charakteryzować się właściwie zredagowany plan miasta: logicznie ułożone poziomy czytania oraz jasno określoną hierarchię elementów treści podporządkowaną zasadniczej funkcji tego typu map.

EN

Development of computer science, availability of equipment and easier to use computer software significantly altered the process of map preparation. Most graphic programs and GIS used in map preparation make it possible to create databases which have layer structure. Therefore one can ask to what extent the layer structure of a computer-elaborated map connects to its reading levels which are linked to the perception sequence of map's components, or their groups. To answer this question, the authors analyze the editing process of city plans, which are one of the most common types of maps. In most cases map components have various significance, depending on their importance to the reader. To facilitate map's perception, its contents is divided into various levels of reading, which arrange the perception sequence of its components. This sequence depends on sign's hierarchy of visual importance and how it is contrasted against the background. the highest level of reading is composed of signs, which are most graphically aggressive, so that they can be perceived first. Consistently, lower levels which are to be read as secondary, are composed of signs of lesser visual importance. As a result, the appears a sense of components being placed on different visual levels. On the included figures, which show a plan of a city center, different layers of electronic document have been organized to show separate reading levels: - streets and street names (fig. 1), becouse the main objective is to show ways and directions; - thematic contents - point symbols, names (except street names), public transportation, railways (fig. 2); rearing of the significance of line and point symbols on a city plan should be intuitive, and their location perceived quickly; names of districts, parks, buildings, etc. should use a visibly different font and color from street names; they should not obstruct streets or street names; - areas - background, built-up area, greens (fig. 3); areal symbols set a background to other components, therefore they should be in toned down colors A ready to print city plan, containing all of the above layers is presented in fig. 4 An average reader does not have to guess the assumptions of map,s editors. Quite the opposite, a map should be edited to enable the reader to intuitively perceive the meaning of symbols and see the cartographer's intention. Therefore it is vital to establish a correct hierarchy of contents and assign a proper visual importance to its components, to make them perceived on appropriate levels of reading.