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The effect of direct seeding on the soil resistance and the silage corn yield

Stajnko D., Janzekovic M., Brus M., Cus F.

Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering

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2009

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Vol. 35, nr 2

184-190

EN

Purpose: The paper compares the effect of five different direct seeding methods to the conventional tillage on the emerging and yield of silage corn (Zea may L.) in two different pedo-ecological conditions of Slovenia. Design/methodology/approach: A randomly selected 4x6 block designed field test was carried out; gliphosat treatment 1 week before seeding (V1), mowing+focus ultra on the whole plot 3 weeks later (V2), mowing+focus ultra in bands 3 weeks later (V3), mowing+focus ultra in bands 3 weeks later+mowing the inter-row after emergence (V4), conventional tillage (V5), focus ultra on the whole plot 3 weeks after seeding (V6). Findings: The highest emergence was on parcels with treatment V5; 98.99 % in Noršinci and 82.75 % in Pohorski dvor. The (V1) treatment influenced lowest emergence in Noršinci (82.48 %) and Pohorski dvor (63.25 %). The number of emerged seedlings affected the highest yield of fresh silage on V5 (50.590 kg ha-1 - Nošinci and 45.661 kg ha-1 - Pohorski dvor) and dry matter (20.228 kg/ha). However, there was no difference to V1 and V4. The penetrometer measurements showed the highest soil resistance (119.78 N cm-2) in Noršinci on V3 and (185.31 N cm-2) in Pohorski dvor on V4. Research limitations/implications: The experiment presented herein can be applied under similar pedo-climatical condition. Practical implications: Alternative seeding methods can reduce the fuel consumption and CO2 emission by decreasing the number of passes on the field. Originality/value: By implementing the findings from our experiments a high intensity of soil engagement and inversion of the soil by using of mouldboard plough can be omitted on the majority of sandy and silty-loam soils. On that way the energy saving-method can make an effective contribution to farmers’ economy.

2

Mastitis detection based on electric conductivity of milk

Janzekovic M., Brus M., Mursec B., Vinis P., Stajnko D., Cus F.

Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering

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2009

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Vol. 34, nr 1

39-46

EN

Purpose: If measurements of the increased total count of somatic cells in the individual udder quarter or in the whole udder could be determined with electric conductivity by means of the microprocessor-controlled device Mastitron LF 3000 enough precisely to predict the presence of subclinical mastitis. Design/methodology/approach: The occurrence of increased count of somatic cells in milk was found out group by group by the method of measuring the electric conductivity of milk. For the milk conductivity the average measurement from all four udder quarters was taken into account. The population of 102 lactating cows (Black and white, Simmental and Brown Swiss breed) on seven farms fore three summer months was observed. Findings: It was established that higher average electric conductivity than 6.5 mS/cm confirmed in 80% also the increased count of somatic cells in milk. When evaluating the differences between the quarters exceeding 1 mS/cm also a higher total count of somatic cells was confirmed in 73.7%. Moreover, statistically significant relation (P<0.01) between the CMT test and the ECM was found out so it can be claimed that the two methods do not exclude themselves mutually. Research limitations/implications: It was found that the reliability of the ECM in our case was 80% depending to a large extent on the milk composition which changed depending on the stage of lactation, type of feed and general health condition of animals. For a more reliable, accurate and faster implementation of the ECM method further researches will be necessary. Practical implications: Though the ECM method of determination of the subclinical mastitis of the milch-cows is well established in the world, it is not yet known well enough in the Slovene practice as a method of diagnosing the subclinical mastitis. Originality/value: It was found that the results of our research in production circumstances were comparable with the indications of the maker and foreign researchers.

3

Analysis of different substrates for processing into biogas

Mursec B., Vindis P., Janzekovic M., Brus M., Cus F.

Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering

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2009

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Vol. 37, nr 2

652-659

EN

Purpose: The main target is to produce as much biogas as possible with highest possible biomethane content from crops representing the principal fuel for driving the gas motors and electric generators and, consequently, production of electricity. Design/methodology/approach: The biogas production was measured by a mini digester according to the German standard DIN 38414, Part 8. It was effected in the mesophilic temperature range. The biogas production from six different energy crops and pig slurry was measured in the laboratory of the Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences. In six trial fields the monocultures such as maize, sorghum, amaranth, sunflower, Jerusalem artichoke and sugar beet were grown. Findings: The highest biomethane production was achieved with the sunflower substrate (283 Nl/kgVS), followed by the sorghum substrate (188 Nl/kgVS) and maize (187 Nl/kgVS). The amaranth substrate produced 225 Nl/kgVS and the Jerusalem artichoke 115 Nl/kgVS. The least amount of biomethane was produced from the sugar beet (95 Nl/kgVS). Research limitations/implications: The basic structure of the laboratory device is welded from stainless steel (inox) and is limited by the following dimensions: 2500 mm length, 1000 mm height and 350 mm width. The device consists of twelve units of fermentors ensuring four tests simultaneously with three replications and assuring high accuracy of results. Practical implications: The test fermentors serve to test the biogas production from different energy crops and other materials of organic origin. The results reached serve to plan the electricity production in the biogas production plant. Originality/value: The mini digesters simulated in laboratory the actual state from the biogas production plant. Anaerobic fermentation was introduced and the biogas to be processed into electricity was produced.

4

Testing of quality of sowing by pneumatic sowing machines

Mursec B., Vindis P., Janzekovic M., Brus M.

Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering

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2008

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Vol. 26, nr 1

81-88

EN

Purpose: The purpose of the paper is to presents two sowing machines for interval sowing, differing in the mode of operation. We were interested in adequacy of sowing at different working speeds of the pneumatic vacuum sowing machine OLT and the pneumatic pressure sowing machine Aeromat - Becker for sowing sugar beet. The goal of the paper is to find out the optimum working speed for the individual sowing machine. Design/methodology/approach: : In completely identical conditions at different speeds of sowing two sowing machines which are most widely used in Slovenia were tested. Findings: We measured and calculated the parameters such as working efficiency, depth of sowing, inter - row distance and distance between seeds in the sowing row. Research limitations/implications: For successful sowing it is necessary to know adequacy of the soil for sowing, technical properties of the sowing machine and biotechnical characteristics of the seed. Cultivation of sugar beet depends primarily on expert and technically correct sowing. For growth and normal development of plants the distance between seeds in the sowing row is the most important parameter. Practical implications: Expertly performed sowing and sowing machines are of great importance for cultivation of sugar beet. The tests were aimed at defining the most suitable sowing speed for both sowing machines on the basis of measured data. The principal aim of the paper is to establish whether the higher working speed influences the quality of sowing. It is very important for the producers to be well familiarized with all agro-technical measures because cultivation of sugar beet requires much money invested and work performed per unit of area. Originality/value: : The optimum sowing speed of the pneumatic vacuum machine OLT is 8 km/h and the optimum sowing speed of the pneumatic pressure sowing machine Aeromat - Becker is 10 km/h.

5

Analysis of quality of sowing by pneumatic sowing machines for sugar beet

Mursec B., Vindis P., Janzekovic M., Cus F., Brus M.

Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering

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2007

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Vol. 22, nr 1

85-88

EN

Purpose: The paper presents two sowing machines for interval sowing, differing in the mode of operation. The pneumatic vacuum sowing machine OLT and the pneumatic pressure sowing machine Aeromat - Becker for sowing sugar beet are compared. We were interested in adequacy of sowing at different working speeds. The purpose of the paper is to find out the optimum working speed for the individual sowing machine. Design/methodology/approach: The measurements were performed with two sowing machines which are most widely used in Slovenia; the sowing machines were tested in completely identical conditions at different speed of sowing. Findings: The parameters such as working efficiency, depth of sowing, inter-row distance and distance between seeds in the sowing row were measured and calculated. Research limitations/implications: Cultivation of sugar beet depends primarily on expert and technically correct sowing. Distance between seeds in the sowing row must enable the plants to have optimum conditions for their growth and development. For successful sowing it is necessary to know adequacy of the soil for sowing, technical properties of the sowing machine and biotechnical characteristics of the seed. Practical implications: Sowing machines and expertly performed sowing are of great importance for cultivation of sugar beet. The principal aim of the paper is to establish whether the higher working speed influences the quality of sowing. The test were aimed at defining the most suitable sowing speed for both sowing machines on the basis of measured data. Cultivation of sugar beet requires much money invested and work performed per unit of area. It is very important for the producers to be well familiarized with all agro - technical measures. Originality/value: Taking into account all measured parameters the optimum sowing speed of the pneumatic vacuum machine OLT is 8 km/h and the optimum sowing speed of the pneumatic pressure sowing machine Aeromat - Becker is 10 km/h.

6

Accuracy of calculation of body mass on the basis of measurements

Janzekovic M., Brus M., Mursec B., Cus F.

Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering

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2007

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Vol. 23, nr 2

47-50

EN

Purpose: The results of measurements shows that the chest size is not enough accurate to establish the body mass of living animals in all development stages, therefore additional measuring of the trunk length was used to increase reliability of the estimate. Design/methodology/approach: During the test 30 fattened animals were considered and were weighed by electronic weighing device EC 2000. The trunk length (d) and the chest size (o) were measured simultaneously. The body mass (T) was calculated according to the equation: T = o x d / 50. By the statistical package SPSS 12.01. for Windows the basic statistics for the studied properties was calculated. By the t-test the calculated and the actually weighed body masses of animals were compared. Findings: On the young fattened cattle it was established that with 240 - 290 kg body mass, when the body form is most rectangular, the accuracy of calculation on the basis of measured body parts, is the greatest. The percentage difference between weighed and calculated body mass is only 0.06%, which is very accurate. Research limitations/implications: For wide applicability of measurement results on the living animals in all stages of growth it would be necessary in the equation for the calculation to include also the trunk size in the middle of the body and the size in the rear part. Practical implications: On small farms where the cost of purchase of the digital weighing device would be too great a burden, thus, measuring of the chest size at 3 cm behind the elbow joint, in the middle of the trunk (behind the last rib), and measuring of the size in the rear part of the body and the trunk length from the middle of the withers to the tail root are more appropriate. Originality/value: The animals which phenotypically feature cylindrical shape in the period of growth can be measured most simply in the front middle and rear part of the body and, then, their body mass can be determined very accurately on the basis of the data obtained.