Wyniki wyszukiwania - BazTech

1

The polish proposal for environmental protection

Kozłowski R. H., Kozłowska E., LL.M.

Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering

|

2012

|

Vol. 55, nr 1

121--128

EN

Purpose: The article presents the type of environment-related problem, and discusses the development of the concept of the sustainable development from the perspective of the international law. Over the past two hundred years, the mankind has exploited more than 50 percent of all natural resources, including energy minerals. The twenty-first century will be, out of necessity the period of intensive development of energy based on renewable resources. The protection of the environment is a global issue which requires to be specially safeguarded by the international law. Design/methodology/approach: The average geothermic gradient for the Earth's crust (30°C/1km) can give us 10-20 MWe as a result (electrical energy) from one deep borehole heat exchanger. The value of electrical energy may be increased by introduction of a binary system with low-boiling medium into the energy system. Findings: Geothermic power plant of high capacity characterized by the fact that the steam superheater section, which is traditional in a conventional power plants, is replaced by the system of heat exchanger in the form of u-tubes with a single length ranging from 1000 meters to up to several thousand meters, initially placed in a metal casing with a transition to the rock layers of high temperature. Research limitations/implications: From the hot rock mass we can collect renewable resources of ,,dry” ascending energy from the paleo heat flow coming from the great nuclear furnace - the magma. Practical implications: The subject invention is the use of geothermic energy using a closed water cycle in heat exchangers, made of high-temperature creep resisting steam superheater steel tubes or titanium pipes. Thermal energy of water vapour, which is obtained in this way, is transformed into mechanical energy in the turbine, powering the generator. Originality/value: The role of a condenser can be fulfilled by a cascade system of thermal energy utilization (heat engineering, production of drinking water through desalination process, horticultural greenhouses, recreation, water pools, balneotherapy, heating sport fields, runways at airports and other transportation hubs).

2

Geothermic Power Plants of high capacity - how far?

Kozłowski R. H.

Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering

|

2011

|

Vol. 49, nr 2

573--576

EN

Purpose: Over the past two hundred years, the mankind has exploited more than 50 percent of all natural resources, including energy minerals. The twenty-first century will be, out of necessity the period of intensive development of energy based on renewable resources. Design/methodology/approach: The average geothermic gradient for the Earth's crust (30°C/1km) can give us 10-20 MWe as a result (electrical energy) from one deep borehole heat exchanger. The value of electrical energy may be increased by introduction of a binary system with low-boiling medium into the energy system. Findings: Geothermic power plant of high capacity characterized by the fact that the steam superheater section, which is traditional in a conventional power plants, is replaced by the system of heat exchanger in the form of u-tubes with a single length ranging from 1000 meters to up to several thousand meters, initially placed in a metal casing with a transition to the rock layers of high temperature. Research limitations/implications: From the hot rock mass we can collect renewable resources of ,,dry” ascending energy from the paleo heat flow coming from the great nuclear furnace - the magma. Practical implications: The subject invention is the use of geothermic energy using a closed water cycle in heat exchangers, made of high-temperature creep resisting steam superheater steel tubes or titanium pipes. Thermal energy of water vapour, which is obtained in this way, is transformed into mechanical energy in the turbine, powering the generator. Originality/value: The role of a condenser can be fulfilled by a cascade system of thermal energy utilization( heat engineering, production of drinking water through desalination process, horticultural greenhouses, recreation, water pools, balneotherapy, heating sport fields, runways at airports and other transportation hubs.

3

Large capacity cnergy from Geo-Plutonic formation for power plants with zero CO2 emissions

Kozłowski R. H., Zakiewicz B. M.

Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering

|

2010

|

Vol. 43, nr 2

790--795

EN

Purpose: The publication presented is a realistic, one of the practicable idea for a substitute to system power plants, consisting in the construction of combined heat and power plants using renewable resources of geo-plutonic energy. Design/methodology/approach: There are various methods of obtaining geothermal energy and various uses for it. The proposed GEO-PLUTONIC ENERGY represents an endless, renewable source of energy coming from nuclear reaction in the Earth’s nucleus, where the temperature reaches 6,000 Centigrade. Mass production of electricity from the Earth’s heat, possible in Iceland due to the volcanic nature of these resources and the shallow depth at which they occur, was difficult in other countries due to the high cost of drilling to greater depths. This barrier has been overcome by us through using a special horizontal drilling technique. Findings: In order to extract and collect the accumulated energy from the area of a large thermal field, a modified shaft/drilling system (called a Super Daisy System) equipped with a 3D grate of directional bore-holes called Jet-Stingers fitted with multi-functional heat exchangers is used. The emission-free concept of Geo-Plutonic Energy with the temperature of only over 250ºC, from which we can obtain about 30 MPa of pressure on the turbine. With increased the depth the temperature and heat transmissibility will be raised significantly, which can resulted the yield even to 7-10 MWe (of electricity) from one deep heat exchanger. Research limitations/implications: From the rock mass we can collect renewable resources of ,,dry” ascending energy from the paleo heat flow coming from the great atomic furnace – the magma. Originality/value: We are experienced in using the appropriate hydro-thermodynamic theory and its applications which allows us to almost precisely forecast and control the quantity of heat not exceeding 20% of the 100% regeneration capability in the same time range.

4

Stan badań materiałowych w europejskim projekcie COST 522.

Czyrska-Filemonowicz A., Kozłowski R. H.

Inżynieria Materiałowa

|

2001

|

R. XXII, nr 3

161-164

PL

W artykule scharakteryzowano Europejski Program Współpracy w Dziedzinie Badań Naukowo-Technicznych COST, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem programu COST 522. Pięcioletni program naukowo-badawczy COST 522 "Power Generation into the 21st Century: Ultra Efficeint, Low Emission Plant" ma na celu stworzenie koncepcji i rozwiązanie problemów materiałowych dla przyszłej generacji elektrowni pracujących w warunkach ultra-nadkrytycznych dla dużych bloków energetycznych o docelowej sprawności 55%. Przedyskutowano problemy materiałowe w krajowym przemyśle energetycznym oraz przedstawiono problematykę badań materiałowych polskich zespołów w programie COST 522.

EN

COST-European programme on Co-operation in the field of Science and Technology is characterized in the paper. Special attention is paid to COST522 "Power Generation into the 21st Century: Ultra Efficient, Low Emission Plant" materials programme. The current objective of this programme for advanced power stations is an increase their thermal efficiency to about 55%. This may be achieved by increasing the steam temperatures and pressures, but suitable constructional materials must be available. Materials problems in energy systems and participation of Polish research groups are discussed in the paper.

5

Materiałoznawstwo w energetyce XXI wieku o wysokiej sprawności i niskiej emisji zanieczyszczeń

Kozłowski R. H.

Zeszyty Naukowe Politechniki Świętokrzyskiej. Mechanika

|

2000

|

Z. 72

155-163

PL

Głównym wyzwaniem stojącym przed energetyką XXI wieku będzie osiągnięcie wzrostu efektywności, co pozwoli spełnić surowe normy ochrony środowiska, przy trudnym do osiągnięcia kompromisie między wzrostem niezawodności, dostępności oraz łatwością konserwacji a kosztami. Aby podjąć to wyzwanie, w Europie powstał nowy program COST, w ramach którego, w okresie 5 lat koordynowania będzie działalność badawcza w dziedzinie technologii nowych materiałów, rozwoju metod podwyższania żywotności oraz technik monitoringu. Praca przedstawia ostatnie osiągnięcia i trendy przyszłościowe rozwoju żaroodpornych stali ferrytycznych o zawartości 9-12% Cr, przeznaczonych do pracy w temperaturach do 650 stopni C. W niedalekiej przyszłości te nowe stale będą zastosowane jako materiał urządzeń pracujących w warunkach nadkrytycznych oraz reaktorów.

EN

The major challenge facing the power generation industry in the 21st century will be to achieve the targets for increased efficiencies required to meet stringent environmental regulations while ensuring plant reliability, availability, maintainability to co-ordinate research acitivities in advanced materials technologies, lifing/methods development and monitoring techniques to meet this challenge over the next few years. This paper reviews the objectives of this programme. The article present recent developments and future trends in 9-12% Cr ferritic heat resistant steels for high temperature applications of up to 650 degrees C. In the near future, these new steels will be applied to materials for ultra supercritical power plants, fast breeder reactors and conceptual fusion reactors.

6

Energetyka XXI wieku o wysokiej sprawności i niskiej emisji zanieczyszczeń

Kozłowski R. H.

Zeszyty Naukowe Politechniki Świętokrzyskiej. Mechanika

|

1999

|

Z. 69

77--90

PL

Łatwość pozyskiwania energii na poziomie opłacalnym jest podstawowym czynnikiem powodzenia w działalności przemysłu, jako też w zapewnieniu stosownego poziomu gospodarczego społeczeństwa. Potrzeba zapewnienia niezbędnych dostaw energii - w obliczu wzrostu zaludnienia w świecie - stawia wytwórcom obiektów energetycznych wyzwanie pod względem ekonomicznym i technologicznym. Wzmagają je rosnące wymagania ograniczenia emisji substancji szkodliwych dla zdrowia i środowiska naturalnego. Narasta napór na rozwój nieszkodliwych obiektów, materiałów i środków pomocniczych przy wzrastającym zapotrzebowaniu na elektryczność.

EN

The readyavalability of energy at an economical price is a major factor affecting the success of manufacturing industry, upon which the general well-being and the standard of living of the population depend. the provision of sufficient supplies of energy, bearing in mind the large increase in world population expected over the coming decates, presents a considerable economic and technological chasllenge to the power plant manufactures. The introduction of increasingly strinent emmision regulations to safeguard health and preserve the environment for future generations increases the pressure for the development of future generations increases the pressure for the development of environmentally benign power generating plants and manufactures, materials suppliers and components manufactures, the business opportunities and technical challenges that will arise through the increasedworld demand for electricity are significant.

7

Nowe materiały dla energetyki konwencjonalnej i ich obróbka cieplna.

Kozłowski R. H., Rutkowska A.

Inżynieria Materiałowa

|

1998

|

R. XIX, nr 3

408-411

PL

W pracy przedstawiono tendencje rozwojowe nowoczesnych stali żaroodpornych martenzytyczno-ferrytycznych, zawierających 9-12% Cr oraz ich obróbkę cieplną.