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Concept of hazard identification for RAMS specification

Nowicki Maciej, Gill Adrian

Pojazdy Szynowe

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2023

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Nr 3-4

54--63

EN

In parallel with the dynamic development of rail transport in terms of vehicle design, control systems, infrastructure issues, the development of processes and procedures in the area of safety management must also progress. This growing awareness was confirmed, among other things, by harmonising the content of the regulations on railway safety and interoperability, the safety certification of railway undertakings and the definition of the tasks and roles of national safety authorities. In effect, this was to enable the development of a single European railway area. An implementation tool that allows for a systematic approach to safety management processes and that enables the above requirements to be met is, among other things, RAMS analyses. A key step in the safety management process for specifying RAMS is hazard identification, which is particularly highlighted in PN EN 50126-2:2018 through the holistic model for risk assessment and control of railway system hazards (hourglass model). It places the hazard identification process in two stages, i.e. in the early development stage of the analysis (similar to other known risk management models) and in the hazard control stage. This positioning alone indicates the importance of the hazard identification process. On the comprehensiveness and detail of its implementation depends the validity of the final outcome of the RAMS analysis. The development of such a process for real technical facilities in a way that is consistent with the needs of RAMS analyses and, at the same time, ensures that satisfactory results of these analyses are achieved, has become the subject of this article.

2

Measuring the variability of the pedestrian crossing function in the socio-technical system of urban road transport

Gill Adrian, Smoczyński Piotr, Ławniczak Damian

Zeszyty Naukowe. Transport / Politechnika Śląska

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2022

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z. 117

57--68

EN

In some areas of transportation systems, reduction of risk using typical safety engineering tools can be difficult due to the relatively small number of events that can be analysed to draw conclusions for the future. One way out of this situation is to analyse systems in their normal operation when no adverse event occurs. It can be done, inter alia, with the Functional Resonance Analysis Method. An important research problem in this context is how to describe the variability of system functions. In this article, we propose an original method, based on the number of hazard sources present in a given analysis domain and apply it to a real pedestrian crossing. The obtained results indicate that the quantitative coincidence measures proposed by us are a convenient way to capture ‘functional vibrations’ in real socio-technical systems. This allows the prediction of undesired states of such systems based on their normal operation.

3

Application of an improved bowtie method in a CMS-compliant risk assessment of a change introduced in the EU railway system

Smoczyński Piotr, Gill Adrian, Kadziński Adam, Laur Martin, Õun Tambet

Transport Problems

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2022

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T. 17, z. 2

127--136

EN

The issue of managing the risk associated with introducing changes to the railway system is very important from the point of view of safety management, as any change can significantly reduce the level of safety of a railway system. For this reason, such changes are regulated at the European Union (EU) level through a dedicated legal act known as the Common Safety Method for risk assessment (CSM). The example presented in this paper is a portion of the analysis carried out for an Estonian freight carrier with a bowtie method, which we improved so that it fully complies with the CSM requirements. This analysis concerns a change consisting of allowing the possibility of a freight train being driven by one person (with no assistant driver). The case study presented in the paper, although limited due to confidentially issues, allows a full description of how to use the proposed method in real-world applications.

4

The use of the semi-quantitative classification method of assessment of the efficacy of safety systems for the railway technical rescue system

Gill Adrian, Smoczyński Piotr

Journal of civil engineering and transport

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2022

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Vol. 4, No. 2

23--35

EN

Much research shows that over-expansion of safety systems can be irrational and counter-effective. To avoid this, it is necessary to define a method for assessing the effectiveness of the implemented risk reduction measures. This article presents the adaptation of a previously developed method of this type to the nature of the operation of the railway rescue teams. It uses a hierarchical classification system of safety measures that is used as a basis on which their effectiveness is determined. The way how the method should be implemented is presented on the example of 28 selected tools used by rescue teams operating within the Polish railway infrastructure manager. Although the obtained results do not constitute a comprehensive solution to the problem of assessing the effectiveness of safety systems, they can nevertheless be used to support decisions taken in this area.

PL

Wiele badań pokazuje, że nadmierna rozbudowa systemów bezpieczeństwa może być nieracjonalna i nieefektywna. Aby tego uniknąć, konieczne jest określenie metody oceny skuteczności implementowanych środków redukcji ryzyka. W artykule przedstawiono adaptację opracowanej wcześniej metody tego typu, do charakteru działania kolejowych zespołów ratowniczych. Metoda wykorzystuje hierarchiczny system klasyfikacji środków bezpieczeństwa, który stanowi podstawę do określenia ich skuteczności. Sposób wdrożenia metody przedstawiono na przykładzie 28 wybranych narzędzi/sprzętu wykorzystywanego przez zespoły ratownicze, działające w ramach polskiego zarządcy infrastruktury kolejowej. Choć uzyskane wyniki nie stanowią kompleksowego rozwiązania problemu oceny skuteczności systemów bezpieczeństwa, to jednak mogą być wykorzystane do wsparcia decyzji podejmowanych w tym obszarze.

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How to do it with sticky notes: a method for exploring expert knowledge to prepare guidelines for practice in railway vehicle maintenance

Smoczyński Piotr, Gill Adrian, Motyl Mateusz, Babiak Artur

Transport Problems

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2021

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T. 16, z. 1

153--164

EN

The process of describing human activities in procedures has been used since the beginning of the 20th century. However, it is increasingly evident that procedures understood as sets of orders and prohibitions can be counter-productive because they do not allow the proper use of employees’ knowledge and experience. Therefore, it is postulated that guidelines for practice should be co-developed by employees from the ‘sharp end’ of the organization, but there are no simple methods that can achieve this aim. In the present work, we propose a procedure based on sticky notes, inspired by how information technology teams function. We present a description of the original sticky notes method (SNM) and demonstrate its application in the railway sector. As a result of the workshops conducted with the participation of experts, we gained knowledge about practices that were not included in the documentation, but that could significantly improve the process under research. The primary purpose of the SNM is to ensure the involvement of employees in the process of creating guidelines for practice. This method is particularly useful for describing linear processes in which activities can be arranged chronologically.

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Aircraft operators maintenance decisions supporting method

Szrama Sławomir, Gill Adrian

Archives of Transport

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2021

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Vol. 59, iss. 3

93--111

EN

A key element of exploitation processes constitutes maintenance operations and tasks. While being conducted in the proper way, they have a crucial effect on achieving the assumed by aircraft designer and operator goals. Properly conducted maintenance operations allow to meet all the technical objects readiness requirements as well as to achieve desired acceptable risk level. Maintenance system effectiveness might be generally a crucial task for company or entity responsible for the maintenance. In this context, particularly relevant become technical object maintenance procedures and tasks developed by their manufacturers. Experience of the article authors quite early shows the need of the maintenance programmes modification. Aircraft manufacturers usually are not so eager to develop and implement maintenance programme modifications. Presented situation is very much the case in aviation transport. This was the reason why authors of this article decided to prepare and develop this elaboration which might constitute the assistance and supports complex technical objects users in maintenance decision. The main purpose of this article is to present maintenance decisions’ supporting method for the aircraft operators. This article provides guidelines which include a description of risk in the context of aviation maintenance and introduction of some methodologies, tools and criteria that support identification, analysis and evaluation of risk. Authors included idea, how the aircraft preventive maintenance could be used to mitigate aircraft failure risk during flight operations. It also shows how to adopt and develop effective maintenance program using tools for adequate risk analysis, optimal interval assignments, and selection of the most effective maintenance task. Authors presented methodology and described steps of the logic diagram analysis for the aircraft systems and their components, in order to manage and adopt aircraft maintenance program to fulfil aircraft airworthiness requirements and operational availability. The whole methodology was described on the basis of the F 16 aircraft maintenance system and with reference to the maintenance data. This article might also constitute an introduction to the aircraft maintenance programme development method.