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PL
Celem pracy jest charakterystyka czasowego i przestrzennego rozkładu zanieczyszczeń komunikacyjnych (NO2, PM10, O3, C6H6) na trzech stacjach monitoringu jakości powietrza na obszarze Warszawy. Analizowany okres to 2011–2013. Uzyskano wyższe stężenia na stacji Komunikacyjna niż na stacjach referencyjnych: Targówek i Ursynów. Wzrost stężeń zanieczyszczeń komunikacyjnych był obserwowany w godzinach szczytu: porannego o 7–11 oraz popołudniowego o 15–20 spowodowanego wzrostem natężenia ruchu drogowego na badanym obszarze. Określono również związek między wartościami stężenia analizowanych zanieczyszczeń i warunkami meteorologicznymi.
EN
The aim of this work was to characterize the temporary and spatial distribution of traffic related air pollutants (NO2, PM10, O3, C6H6) and assessment of the relationship between meteorological conditions and air pollution concentration from three monitoring stations in Warsaw area. In the period from 2011 to 2013 average annual values of concentration NO2 were exceeded on all considered stations Warsaw (i.e. Komunikacyjna, Warszawa- -Ursynów and Warszawa-Targówek). The values varied from 114 do 141% of permissible values (40 μg·m–3 ). In case of PM10 concentration permissible concentration of annual average value was exceeded on two stations and in case of ozone and benzene excesses not occurred. The greatest concentration values for analyzed pollutants were recorded on Komunikacyjna station situated in the city center in close proximity of communication routes. The least concentration values were recorded for city suburb areas Ursynów and Targówek situated in greater distance from the biggest traffic streets than Komunikacyjna station. Statistical analysis shows the relationship between logical conditions and high concentration of ozone during episode days and between particular meteorological elements and the concentration of analyzed air pollutants.
PL
W pracy przestawiono zmienność warunków termicznych w południowej części Warszawy w latach 1970-2009. Podstawowy materiał do analizy stanowiły średnie dobowe, maksymalne i minimalne wartości temperatury powietrza ze stacji meteorologicznej Ursynów-SGGW (λE 21° 02', φN 52° 09'). W pracy przedstawiono zmiany temperatury średniej, maksymalnej i minimalnej oraz pokazano ich trendy. Istotnym wskaźnikiem uwzględnionym w opracowaniu, charakteryzującym warunki termiczne są także dni charakterystyczne. W opracowaniu dokonano klasyfikacji termicznej dla miesięcy i lat wg LORENC (1994; 1996). W końcowym etapie pracy porownano zmiany w rejestrowanych wartościach temperatury powietrza na stacji Ursynów-SGGW w okresie 1960-2008, zachodzących w miarę wzrostu zabudowy terenow wokół stacji, w odniesieniu do rejestrowanych wartości temperatury powietrza na stacji Okęcie (λE 20° 59' φN 52° 09'). Średnia roczna temperatura powietrza w badanym okresie wyniosła 8,6°C, średnia maksymalna 12,6°C, a minimalna 4,7°C. Najchłodniejszy był 1980 r. (6,9°C), natomiast najcieplejszy okazał się 2008 r. (10,1°C). We wszystkich badanych przedziałach czasowych, z wyjątkiem grudnia, średnia i maksymalna temperatura powietrza odznaczała się tendencją rosnącą. W przypadku minimalnej temperatury powietrza zbadane tendencje układają się jednokierunkowo, wskazując na wzrost wartości temperatury. Liczba dni przymrozkowych, mroźnych, bardzo mroźnych i chłodnych maleje, natomiast liczba dni upalnych i gorących rośnie. Według klasyfikacji LORENC (1994; 1996) w badanym wieloleciu 13 lat było w normie. Przeprowadzone porownanie zmian temperatury powietrza na stacji Ursynów-SGGW, zachodzących w miarę wzrostu zabudowy terenu wokół stacji wykazało, że w miarę zwiększania obszaru zabudowanego od 1960 do 2008 r. następował stopniowy wzrost temperatury powietrza na stacji w Ursynowie, w porownaniu ze stacją na Okęciu.
EN
This paper presents the variability of thermal conditions in southern districts of Warsaw for the period 1970-2009. The basic material for analyses was daily mean, maximum and minimum air temperatures recorded at Ursynów-SGGW station (λE 21° 02', φN 52° 09'). The paper describes changes of the mean, maximum and minimum temperatures and their trends. An important parameter, which was included in analyses when describing thermal conditions, is the so-called characteristic days. Thermal classification of months and years was performed according to the methodology of LORENC (1994; 1996). Final part of the paper contains the changes in temperature values at Ursynow station for the period 1960-2008 that occurred along with the urban development, compared with temperature values recorded at Okęcie station (λE 20° 59' φN 52° 09'), which is representative for city suburbs. The mean annual temperature for the analysed period was 8.6°C. The coldest year was 1980 (6.9°C) while the warmest was 2008 (10.1°C). For all the analysed time intervals, the mean and maximum temperature showed an increasing trend, except for December. Minimum air temperatures showed a directional trend of increasing temperature values. The number of frosty, chilly, very chilly, and cold days was decreasing while the number of very warm and hot days was increasing. According to the classification by LORENC (1994; 1996), 13 years of the analysed period were normal with respect to temperature. The comparison of temperatures recorded at Ursynów station with those at Okęcie station, for the period of increased urban development near Ursynów station in the years 1960-2008, proved the gradual increase of temperatures at Ursynów station.
EN
This work shows description of the state of air pollution by sulphur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide in different air mass on Ursynów WULS station. There are two main purposes in this work. First purpose is to calculate the value of SO2 and NO2 concentration in station Ursynów WULS in dependence on inflowing air mass. Second purpose is to calculate the relations between concentration of SO2 and NO2 in the air and some basic meteorological elements such as air temperature and relative humidity, wind velocity and rain fall. The studies covered the period of April 2001 to September 2006.
EN
The aim of this work was the characteristic of spatial and temporary distribution of nitrogen oxides concentration (NO2, NO) from 10 monitoring air pollution stations in Warsaw agglomeration. The measurements of 1-hour NOx (NO2, NO) concentration data were used. The results of analysis mean annual value of NO2 concentration in regarding stations situated in rural areas and Warsaw is included in 8,4 μg⋅m-3 (for Granica station) and 57,9μg⋅m-3 (for Komunikacyjna). Permissible concentration increased to tolerance level (52μg⋅m-3) for this period was overcome in Komunikacyjna station. In terms of Komunikacyja station concentration values are greater than values for reference stations more than twice (for Jarczew) and more than 20 times (for Puszcza Borecka). The aim of this work was the characteristic of spatial and temporary distribution of nitrogen oxides concentration (NO2, NO) from 10 monitoring air pollution stations in Warsaw agglomeration. The measurements of 1-hour NOx (NO2, NO) concentration data were used. The results of analysis mean annual value of NO2 concentration in regarding stations situated in rural areas and Warsaw is included in 8,4 μg⋅m-3 (for Granica station) and 57,9μg⋅m-3 (for Komunikacyjna). Permissible concentration increased to tolerance level (52μg⋅m-3) for this period was overcome in Komunikacyjna station. In terms of Komunikacyja station concentration values are greater than values for reference stations more than twice (for Jarczew) and more than 20 times (for Puszcza Borecka).
EN
Motor vehicles release into the air NOx, which is 50-70% of all pollutants in the atmosphere of larger cities. Both car traffic and solar radiation vary in time and consequently variation of NOx concentration occur in diumal cycle and annual cycle. The paper presents introductory results of the analysis on distribution and the relationship between oxides of nitrogen concentration and the air temperature and air humidity. Average value of considered pollutants concentration for the period since 1.IV.2001 to 31.III.2002 in Ursynów-WAU assumes 15,9 μgm m-3 (40% of permissible concentration) for NO2 and for NO 5,2 μgm m-3.
EN
The aim of the paper is to compare two methods of estimation main meteorological elements annual course - polynomial function and Fourier function. Long-term mean monthly data of Ursynów Warsaw Agricultural University meteorological station was used in the analysis: air temperature, maximum and minimum air temperature, amplitude of the temperature, vapor pressure, saturation deficit and relative humidity. Very high values of squared correlation coefficients calculated for two compared methods indicate that both polynomial form of equation and Fouier function may estimate annual course of air temperature and humidity very good. It is noticed that the coefficients for polynomial equations are slightly better than for Fourier functions, particularly for humidity elements.
7
Content available remote Charakterystyka zapylenia na Ursynowie-SGGW w 2002 roku
EN
Modern methods allows accurately analysis of quality and quantity of particulate matter suspended in the air. Measurement particulate matter PM10 was done in Ursynów-WAU since January 2002 by the use of dust sampler. Ana ysis of the results shows permissible level D24 was excced 8 times in the period since January to December 2002. Th e most high concentrations was recorded during inflow northen and western air masses.
EN
The paper presents atmospheric stability description by the use Richardson number (Ri). The calculation was done for two types o f weather: sunny days (24h) and cloudy days (24h). In accordance with Oke (1987) stability static was divided as follows: unstable stability a-fully forced convection, b-mixed convection, c-free convection; d-neutral stability; stable stability e-fully forced convection, f-damped forced convection, g-no convection. Richardson number accomplish negative value, which stands unstable static conditions (a, b) for more cases of day-time period both sunny and cloudy days. Stable static conditions, particularly f characterized by positive value of Ri appear for cloudless nights most frequently. A large diversity of static conditions was observed for night-time period with cloudy weather. The most frequent static conditions in considered period is stable (maximum in October), then unstable (maximum in summertime months).
9
Content available remote Modele sezonowego przebiegu parowania na stacji meteorologicznej Ursynów SGGW
PL
Jednym z czynników obiegu wody i energii w przyrodzie jest parowanie. Wchodzi ono w skład równań bilansu hydrologicznego i bilansu energetycznego będąc ich jedynym wspólnym składnikiem. Przedmiotem opracowania jest znalezienie funkcji opisującej przebieg wielkości parowania z ewaporometru Piche'a i z ewaporometru Wilda w półroczu ciepłym. Dane o wielkości parowania pochodzą z codziennych obserwacji prowadzonych na stacji meteorologicznej Zakładu Meteorologii i Klimatologii Ursynów SGGW w latach 1980–1999. Założono, że funkcja ma postać wielomianu n-tego stopnia. Stopień tego wielomianu, wyraz wolny oraz współczynniki wyznaczono metodą analizy regresji wielokrotnej krokowej.
EN
Evaporation is one of the most important factors of water and energy circulation in environment. Equations of hydrological balance and energy balance include evaporation, which is the only common component of these equations. Function describing seasonal course of evaporation assumes the polynomial form. Stepwise variable selection of multiple regression analysis (used in this work) enables to analyse many polynomial shapes and to select the Best of them. It also allows to calculate coefficients and statistics of investigated models. These data are presented in table 1 and table 2. Figures 1 and 2 show seasonal courses of evaporation from Piche’s evaporimeter and Wild’s evaporimeter, respectively, in Warsaw-Ursynów from three selected types of days.
10
Content available remote Próba oceny parowania dziennego i nocnego z ewaporometrów pan klasy A i Wilda
EN
The paper presents results of potential evaporation measured by the use of class A pan evaprimeter for the period 1997-1999 in Ursynów WAU and Wild evaporimeter for period 1961-1963 in Przemyśl. Mean monthly sums daytime and night-time evaporation (state on the base of sunrise and sunset time) of class A pan evaporimeter are presented in table 1. Mean rate of night-time evaporation amounts 7,7% for class A pan evaporimeter and 13,5% for Wild evaporimeter and rate of daytime evaporation for these instruments amounts 92,3% and 86,5% respectively. Conduction of evaporation measurement at noon sharp allows to compare values of forenoon evaporation (AM) to afternoon evaporation (AM). Forenoon evaporation is 50% less than afternoon one for Wild’s evaporimeter and 80% less for class A pan evaporimeter.
EN
The paper presents relation between evaporation stated by two different and independent methods: calculated one on the basis of profile meteorological elements measurement and pan evaporation. The relationship between daily amounts of these kind of evaporation strong and for short period (i.e. 30 minute amounts) has two.
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