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Exhaust emissions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) from diesel engine powered by biodiesel and non-esterified rapeseed oil

Vojtisek M., Fenkl M.

Prace Naukowe Instytutu Nafty i Gazu

2010

nr 172

143-152

The exhaust emissions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) were measured on a direct-injection tractor turbodiesel engine with no electronic controls and no exhaust gas after-treatment, powered by highway petroleum-based diesel fuel, by 100% methylester of rapeseed oil (biodiesel) and 100% fuel-grade rapeseed oil, heated to 60-70 degrees of Celsius. The engine was operated on an engine dynamometer over ISO 8178 schedule C-1 8-mode non-road engine test, and schedule C-2 7-mode test characterized by low loads. Sample of the exhaust was passed through a cartridge with polyurethane foam, filter and polyurethane foam, capturing both particle-bound and gaseous PAH, which was extracted off-site and the criterion of 16 PAH content, determined by high-resolution gas chromatograph coupled with a mass spectrometer detector. The emissions of PAH were calculated as total mass and as benzo-a-pyrene equivalent using three different toxic equivalency factors. Biodiesel had, compared to diesel, PAH emissions lower by 79-84 wt % during the 8-mode test, and lower by 85 wt % and lower by 58-67% by toxic potential during the low-load 7-mode test. Vegetable oil has, compared to diesel, PAH emissions lower by 25-26 wt % during both tests. The benzo[a]pyrene equivalent was inconsitent among the three toxic equivalency factors, and was 88% higher and 6% and 7% lower during the 8- mode test and 92-168% higher during the low-load 7-mode test. The results suggest that operation at moderate to higher loads results in approximately 80% reduction of PAH while operating on biodiesel, while no significant difference was observed between diesel fuel and heated rapeseed oil. Operation at lower to medium loads had resulted in comparable effects on total PAH mass, however, the benzo[a]pyrene equivalent PAH emissions were higher compared to total PAH mass, and were, compared to diesel fuel, 60% lower for biodiesel and around twice for non-transesterified vegetable oil.