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1

Effects of gas velocity on formation of carbon deposits on AS-SOFC fuel electrodes

Motylinski K., Skrzypkiewicz M., Naumovich Y., Wierzbicki M., Kupecki J.

Journal of Power Technologies

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2018

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Vol. 98, nr 4

322--328

EN

The elevated operating temperatures of solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC) create favorable kinetics for the oxidation of carboncontaining gas mixtures, which may include carbon monoxide and light organic compounds. The presence of carbon-based components in the fuel might result in the formation and deposition of soot on the surface of the anode in a fuel cell. This process depends on and is driven by the prevailing thermodynamic, kinetic and electrochemical conditions. The present study was premised on the following: in addition to the aforementioned parameters providing for the operating conditions, gas velocity also affects the formation of deposits on the anode. The role of fuel gas velocity in the process was studied experimentally using 5 cm x 5 cm anode supported solid oxide fuel cells (AS-SOFC) at 750°C at velocities in the range 0.1 to 0.9 m/s. It was found that carbon deposition was clearly observable approximately 24 hours after the necessary conditions were attained. An intense stage of performance degradation typically lasts for a period of up to 60 hours. An increase in fuel flow velocity leads to an acceleration in the carbon deposition process. The correlation between velocity and cell degradation due to this phenomenon was determined and the corresponding function was proposed.

2

Direct carbon, integrated gasification, and deposited carbon solid oxide fuel cells: a patent-based review of technological status

Skrzypkiewicz M., Obrębowski S.

Journal of Power Technologies

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2018

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Vol. 98, nr 1

139--160

EN

This review presents three directions in solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) technology development involving solid-state carbon in some stage of the fuel-to-electricity conversion process: direct carbon (DC-SOFC), integrated gasification (IG-SOFC) and deposited carbon (rechargeable SOFC). Recent achievements of science and technology were studied in order to identify the most widely developed concepts. In addition, the review contains a statistical approach to published patents and articles, naming the people and institutions active in the field. Simultaneous development of all three technologies could bring synergies and contributed to a major breakthrough in the efficiency of coal-fired power plants.

3

Preliminary electrochemical characterization of anode supported solid oxide cell (AS-SOC) produced in the Institute of Power Engineering operated in electrolysis mode (SOEC)

Kupecki J., Motyliński K., Skrzypkiewicz M., Wierzbicki M., Naumovich Y.

Archives of Thermodynamics

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2017

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Vol. 38, no. 4

53–-63

EN

The article discusses the operation of solid oxide electrochemical cells (SOC) developed in the Institute of Power Engineering as prospective key components of power-to-gas systems. The fundamentals of the solid oxide cells operated as fuel cells (SOFC – solid oxide fuel cells) and electrolysers (SOEC – solid oxide fuel cells) are given. The experimental technique used for electrochemical characterization of cells is presented. The results obtained for planar cell with anodic support are given and discussed. Based on the results, the applicability of the cells in power-to-gas systems (P2G) is evaluated.

4

Selected aspects of the design and operation of the first Polish residential micro-CHP unit based on solid oxide fuel cells

Kupecki J., Skrzypkiewicz M., Stefański M., Stępień M., Wierzbicki M., Golec T.

Journal of Power Technologies

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2016

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Vol. 96, nr 4

270--275

EN

The first Polish micro-combined heat and power unit (micro-CHP) with solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC) was designed and constructed in the facilities of the Institute of Power Engineering in Warsaw. The system was launched in September 2015 and is under investigation. At the current stage the unit is customized to operate on a pre-treated biogas. Adaptation of the fuel processing system, which is based on a steam reformer, makes it possible to utilize other gaseous and liquid fuels, including natural gas. The electric and thermal output of the system, up to 2 kW and about 2 kW, respectively, corresponds to the typical requirements of a detached dwelling or a small commercial site. Functionality of the system was increased by engaging two separate start-up modules, which are used for preheating the system from a cold state to the nominal working conditions. The first module is based on a set of electric heaters, while the second module relies on an additional start-up burner. The startup of the system from ambient conditions up to a thermally self-sufficient stage takes about 7 hours using the electric preheaters mode. Output residual heat was used to heat water to a temperature of about 50°C. The temperature of the flue gases at the inlet to the hot water tank was measured at approximately 300°C. Steam reforming of the biogas was performed by delivering deionized water to the steam reformer in order to maintain the S/C ratio at a range of 2–3.5. Selected aspects of the design and construction as well the first operational experiences are presented and discussed. The numerical modeling methodology is presented as a complimentary tool for system design and optimization.

5

Direct carbon fuel cells based on solid oxide electrolyte technology

Jewulski J., Skrzypkiewicz M.

Przegląd Elektrotechniczny

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2013

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R. 89, nr 7

268--270

EN

Direct carbon fuel cells (DCFC), developed intensively in the last decade, offer electric current generation with potentially much higher efficiency than currently achieved in coal-fired power plants. The existing planar solid oxide fuel cell technology is one of several possible fuel cell technology platforms enabling implementation of DCFC, fuelled with pulverised coal. The thermodynamic and electrochemical principles of DCSOFC technology are summarised in the paper. The current technology development status is reviewed and future potential of technology is discussed. Key research problems influencing the development of the technology in future were stated.

PL

Węglowe ogniwa paliwowe (DCFC), intensywnie rozwijane w ostatniej dekadzie, oferują generację energii elektrycznej z potencjalnie znacznie wyższą sprawnością niż obecnie uzyskiwana w elektrowniach węglowych. Istniejąca technologia elektrolitów stałotlenkowych jest jedną z platform technologicznych umożliwiających implementację koncepcji ogniw paliwowych zasilanych pyłem węglowym. W artykule podsumowano termodynamiczne i elektrochemiczne zasady działania technologii DC-SOFC. Dokonano przeglądu aktualnego stanu i potencjału rozwoju technologii. Wskazano kluczowe zagadnienia badawcze mające wpływ na jej rozwój w najbliższym czasie.

6

Węglowe ogniwa paliwowe oparte na technologii elektrolitów stałotlenkowych

Jewulski J., Skrzypkiewicz M.

Prace Instytutu Elektrotechniki

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2012

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Z. 259

39--40

PL

Węglowe ogniwa paliwowe (DCFC), intensywnie rozwijane w ostatniej dekadzie, oferują generację energii elektrycznej z potencjalnie znacznie wyższą sprawnością niż obecnie uzyskiwana w elektrowniach węglowych. Istniejąca technologia elektrolitów stałotlenkowych jest jedną z platform technologicznych umożliwiających implementację koncepcji ogniw paliwowych zasilanych pyłem węglowym. W artykule podsumowano termodynamiczne i elektrochemiczne zasady działania technologii DC-SOFC. Dokonano przeglądu aktualnego stanu i potencjału rozwoju technologii. Wskazano kluczowe zagadnienia badawcze mające wpływ na jej rozwój w najbliższym czasie.

EN

Direct carbon fuel cells (DCFC), developed intensively in the last decade, offer electric current generation with potentially much higher efficiency than currently achieved in coal-fired power plants. The existing planar solid oxide fuel cell technology is one of several possible fuel cell technology platforms enabling implementation of DCFC, fuelled with pulverised coal. The thermodynamic and electrochemical principles of DC-SOFC technology are summarised in the paper. The current technology development status is reviewed and future potential of technology is discussed. Key research problems influencing the development of the technology in future were stated.