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2 2023

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Urban Ecological Quality Assessment Based on Remote Sensing Data in African Context – A Case Study of Tangier City (Morocco, NW Africa)

Tahiri Mounia, Bahi Hicham, Bouramtane Tarik, Malah Anass, Sabri Anas, Mohsine Ismail, Kacimi Ilias

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

2023

Vol. 24, iss. 9

204--217

Climate change, combined with rapid urbanization, can face many challenges in achieving urban ecological sustainability, especially in developing countries. Due to the lack of valuable data, measuring the negative impact of this urban environmental damage, particularly in African cities, is however difficult to investigate. In this context, this research proposes an efficient index, including environmental, societal, and topographic indicators, extracted from remote sensing data, to evaluate the spatial ecological vulnerability of Tangier city in Morocco. This composite index, called the Urban Ecological Quality Index (UEQI), was developed for 2002, 2013, and 2023 in the spring season, using the Principal Component Analysis (PCA) as a multivariate statistical technique. Furthermore, the spatial autocorrelation analysis of the UEQI was performed to study the correlation between the index values and its surroundings, using Global Moran’s I and Local Moran’s I test statistics. The results show that on the one hand, zones located in the center of the city kept poor ecological quality in the three studied years, where the lack of green spaces and the high population density are the main reasons for this bad state. On the other hand, climate variability, such as precipitation change, directly affects the ecological quality of Tangier city. In fact, from 2002 to 2013, due to Morocco’s increased precipitation during this decade, the UEQI improved in 36%, unchanged in 50%, and degraded in 14% of the study area. However, from 2013 to 2023, with more than 52% degraded UEQI, the ecological quality of the city was affected by drought periods, which have been more frequent and intense in this decade, especially in green areas and agricultural land.

Spatio-Temporal Analysis of the Remote Sensing Ecological Index – A Case Study of the Favorable Agro-Ecological Zone in Northwest Morocco

Tahiri Mounia, Mohsine Ismail, Bouramtane Tarik, Bahi Hicham, Malah Anass, Sabri Anas, Kacimi Ilias

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

2023

Vol. 24, iss. 7

61--70

Agriculture has traditionally been one of Morocco’s most important industries, providing the largest percentage of the nation’s GDP (Gross Domestic Product). However, over the past two decades, the frequency and severity of Morocco’s droughts have grown. These climate changes have a direct impact on essential crops in the country. Exploring the geographical and temporal evolution of the ecological quality is thus critical for the conservation of the natural environment. To achieve this, the present study attempted to evaluate seasonally the environmental quality in the most favorable agro-ecologic zone in Morocco, using remote sensing data, in the years 2001, 2011, and 2021. An index was created, called Remote Sensing Ecological Index (RSEI), which combines four ecological indicators, related to vegetation, humidity, heat, and dryness aspects. The results indicate that from 2011 to 2021, the RSEI values deteriorated the greatest, particularly during the winter months. In addition, vegetation and humidity were the parameters most affecting the RSEI index. Thus, the key drivers of the improvement in the environmental quality are the establishment of ecological policies, rules, and actions to maintain a sustainable environmental development.