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1

Wybrane elementy zapewnienia bezpieczeństwa na stacjach tankowania CNG

Sas J., Janik P.

Bezpieczeństwo i Technika Pożarnicza

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2014

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Nr 1

83--91

PL

Cel: Celem artykułu jest przybliżenie problematyki bezpieczeństwa, w tym ochrony przeciwpożarowej, na stacjach tankowania pojazdów sprężonym gazem ziemnym (CNG), na przykładzie opracowanego pod auspicjami Krajowej Izby Gazownictwa standardu technicznego ST-IGG 1601:2012 odnoszącego się do projektowania, budowy i eksploatacji stacji CNG w Polsce. Wprowadzenie: W Polsce funkcjonuje prawie trzydzieści stacji tankowania CNG, ale do tej pory nie było opracowanych standardów technicznych dotyczących wymagań dla tego typu obiektów. Aby uporządkować wymagania w tym zakresie i ułatwić odpowiednim służbom projektowanie, budowę, eksploatację i nadzór nad wspomnianymi obiektami, podjęto decyzję o konieczności opracowania wspomnianego powyżej standardu przyjętego ostatecznie przez Komitet Standardu Technicznego Izby Gospodarczej Gazownictwa w grudniu 2012 r. Należy podkreślić, iż jest to pierwszy dokument w Polsce kompleksowo odnoszący się do przedmiotowej problematyki. Do opracowania standardu wykorzystano regulacje czeskie i niemieckie z tego zakresu oraz projekty normy ISO, adaptując ich postanowienia do realiów techniczno-organizacyjnych i formalnych występujących w naszym kraju. Mając na względzie osiągnięcie założonego celu artykułu, w pierwszej jego części przedstawiono informacje o aktualnym stanie i rozwoju rynku CNG (Compressed Natural Gas) w Polsce. Następnie omówiono wybrane aspekty zawarte w standardzie, m.in. dotyczące: oceny zagrożenia wybuchem i pożarem, wyboru miejsca lokalizacji, zagospodarowania terenu stacji, urządzeń do wydawania paliwa, ochrony odgromowej, przeciwporażeniowej, przetężeniowej, przeciwprzepięciowej i przed elektrycznością statyczną. Wnioski: W oparciu o treści rozpatrywanego standardu oraz przywołane w nim inne dokumenty odniesienia, w tym akty prawne dotyczące ochrony przeciwpożarowej, możliwe jest właściwe zaprojektowanie, wykonanie i użytkowanie stacji tankowania pojazdów sprężonym gazem ziemnym. W związku z tym zasadne wydaje się podejmowanie działań w zakresie ich upowszechnienia wśród projektantów, użytkowników oraz osób zajmujących się ochroną przeciwpożarową obiektów budowlanych. Znaczenie dla praktyki: Praktyczne znaczenie rozpatrywanego zagadnienia wynika wprost z treści sformułowanych powyżej wniosków, w świetle których omówiony standard jawi się jako narzędzie możliwe do bezpośredniego wykorzystania w procesie projektowania, budowy i eksploatacji stacji CNG.

EN

Aim: The aim of this paper is to present safety issues, including fire protection at Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) fueling stations, on the example of the technical standard developed under the auspices of The Chamber of the Natural Gas Industry ST-IGG 1601:2012 relating to the design, construction and operation of CNG stations in Poland. Introduction: There are nearly thirty CNG filling stations in Poland. But so far, technical standards concerning requirements for this kind of objects haven´t been developed. To organize the requirements in this regard and facilitate appropriate services in designing, constructing, operating and supervising the aforementioned objects, the decision to develop the above-mentioned standard (finally adopted by the Committee of Technical Standard of The Chamber of the Natural Gas Industry in December 2012) was made. It should be emphasized that this is the first document in Poland on the discussed issues in a complex way. While developing the standard Czech and German regulations in this field and draft of ISO standard concerning discussed topic were used and adapted to technical, organizational and formal conditions of our country. In order to achieve the objective of the article described in the first section, information about the current state and development of the CNG (Compressed Natural Gas) market in Poland was provided. Then the authors presented some aspects of the standard, including these related to: the assessment of the risk of explosion and fire, the choice of location, station area arrangements, fuel dispensing devices, lightning protection, shock protection, overcurrent and overvoltage protection and protection against static electricity. Conclusions: Based on the content of the standard and other reference documents mentioned in that standard, including legislation related to fire protection, it is possible to design, construct and operate the stations for refueling vehicles with compressed natural gas properly. Therefore, it seems reasonable to take action on their dissemination among developers, users and people involved in the fire protection of buildings. Implications for practice: The practical importance of discussed issues follows directly from the content of formulated above conclusions, where the presented standard may be seen as a tool to be used directly in the design, construction and operation of CNG stations.

2

Zagrożenie bezpieczeństwa i straty produkcyjne w procesach wytwarzania stopu azotanu(V) amonu. Cz. 1, Wpływ produktów rozkładu i wybranych dodatków

Biskupski A, Kołaczkowski A, Sas J

Przemysł Chemiczny

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2013

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T. 92, nr 12

2178-2185

PL

Przedstawiono reakcje chemiczne główne i uboczne zachodzące podczas wytwarzania stopu azotanu(V) amonu przeznaczonego do produkcji granulowanych oraz ciekłych nawozów saletrzanych. Reakcjami głównymi są reakcje bezpośredniej syntezy azotanu(V) amonu z amoniaku i kwasu azotowego(V) oraz reakcje konwersji azotanów(V) metali do azotanu(V) amonu i innych produktów. W czasie przebiegu reakcji głównych oraz podczas zatężania uzyskanych roztworów zachodzą reakcje uboczne z udziałem azotanu(V) amonu, które są przyczyną strat produkcyjnych oraz zagrożenia bezpieczeństwa. W tej części pracy omówiono wpływ produktów rozkładu czystego NH4NO3, a więc NH3, HNO3, NO i NO2 oraz dodatków, a więc (NH4)2SO4, Mg(NO3)2 i Ca(NO3)2 na rozkład NH4NO3 w czasie wytwarzania stopu NH4NO3.

EN

Aq. solns. of NH4NO3 (conc. 40–98% by mass) were heated up to boiling for 10 h optionally in presence of (NH4)2SO4, Ca(NO3)2 and Mg(NO3)2 to follow the decompn. of NH4NO3. The decompn. was accelerated in presence of HNO3 and inhibited in presence of NH3. The addn. of (NH4)2SO4, Ca(NO3)2 and Mg(NO3)2 resulted in a small decrease in NH4NO3 decompn. rate.

3

Gender recognition using neural networks and ASR techniques

Sas J., Sas A.

Journal of Medical Informatics & Technologies

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2013

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Vol. 22

179--187

EN

The paper presents the simple technique of speaker gender recognition that uses MFCC features typically applied in automatic speech recognition. Artificial neural network is used as a classifier. The speech signal is first divided into 20 ms frames. For each frame, Mel-Frequency Cepstral Coefficients are extracted and the created feature vector is provided into a neural network classifier, which individually classifies each frame as male or female sample. Finally, the whole utterance is classified by selecting the class, for which the sum of corresponding neural network outputs is greater. The advantage of the method is that it can be easily combined with speech recognition, because both processes (gender recognition and speech recognition) are based on the same features. This way, no additional logic and no extra computational power is needed to extract features necessary for gender recognition. The method was experimentally evaluated using speech samples in English and in Polish. The comparison with other methods described in literature based on other feature extraction methods shows the superiority of the proposed approach, especially in cases where the recognition is carried out in noisy environment or using poor audio equipment.

4

Pipelined language model construction for Polish speech recognition

Sas J., Żołnierek A.

International Journal of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science

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2013

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Vol. 23, no. 3

649--668

EN

The aim of works described in this article is to elaborate and experimentally evaluate a consistent method of Language Model (LM) construction for the sake of Polish speech recognition. In the proposed method we tried to take into account the features and specific problems experienced in practical applications of speech recognition in the Polish language, reach inflection, a loose word order and the tendency for short word deletion. The LM is created in five stages. Each successive stage takes the model prepared at the previous stage and modifies or extends it so as to improve its properties. At the first stage, typical methods of LM smoothing are used to create the initial model. Four most frequently used methods of LM construction are here. At the second stage the model is extended in order to take into account words indirectly co-occurring in the corpus. At the next stage, LM modifications are aimed at reduction of short word deletion errors, which occur frequently in Polish speech recognition. The fourth stage extends the model by insertion of words that were not observed in the corpus. Finally the model is modified so as to assure highly accurate recognition of very important utterances. The performance of the methods applied is tested in four language domains.

5

Natural gas as transportation fuel - an offer for mountainous resorts

Sas J.

Geomatics, Landmanagement and Landscape

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2013

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no. 4

93--101

EN

In this article the current state of development of the market of the CNG vehicles was described. Then, the economic and ecological aspects of using this fuel and the factors of its safe exploitation were characterized. Based on that, in the article were presented the current propositions of activities of the European Union administrative organs, which propagate using these alternative fuels for vehicles, including the natural gas. Finally, the attention was paid to possibilities of using the natural gas as a fuel in vehicles used in mountain and spa resorts.

6

Building compact language models for medical speech recognition in mobile devices with limited amount of memory

Sas J.

Journal of Medical Informatics & Technologies

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2012

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Vol. 20

111--119

EN

The article presents the method of building compact language model for speech recognition in devices with limited amount of memory. Most popularly used bigram word-based language models allow for highly accurate speech recognition but need large amount of memory to store, mainly due to the big number of word bigrams. The method proposed here ranks bigrams according to their importance in speech recognition and replaces explicit estimation of less important bigrams probabilities by probabilities derived from the class-based model. The class-based model is created by assigning words appearing in the corpus to classes corresponding to syntactic properties of words. The classes represent various combinations of part of speech inflectional features like number, case, tense, person etc. In order to maximally reduce the amount of memory necessary to store class-based model, a method that reduces the number of part-of-speech classes has been applied, that merges the classes appearing in stochastically similar contexts in the corpus. The experiments carried out with selected domains of medical speech show that the method allows for 75% reduction of model size without significant loss of speech recognition accuracy.

7

Optimal acoustic model complexity selection in polish medical speech recognition

Sas J., Poreba T.

Journal of Medical Informatics & Technologies

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2011

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Vol. 17

115--122

EN

In the paper, the method of acoustic model complexity level selection for automatic speech recognition is proposed. Selection of the appropriate model complexity affects significantly the accuracy of speech recognition. For this reason the selection of the appropriate complexity level is crucial for practical speech recognition applications, where end user effort related to the implementation of speech recognition system is important. We investigated the correlation between speech recognition accuracy and two popular information criteria used in statistical model evaluation: Bayesian Information Criterion and Akaike Information Criterion computed for applied acoustic models. Experiments carried out for language models related to general medicine texts and radiology diagnostic reporting in CT and MR showed strong correlation of speech recognition accuracy and BIC criterion. Using this dependency, the procedure of Gaussian mixture count selection for acoustic model was proposed. Application of this procedure makes it possible to create the acoustic model maximizing the speech recognition accuracy without additional computational costs related to alternative cross-validation approach and without reduction of training set size, which is unavoidable in the case of cross-validation approach.

8

Production of compound mineral fertilizers as a method of utilization of waste products in chemical company Alwernia S.A.

Malinowski P., Olech M., Sas J., Wantuch W., Biskupsk A., Urbańczyk L., Borowik M., Kotowicz J.

Polish Journal of Chemical Technology

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2010

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Vol. 12, nr 3

6-9

EN

The results of investigations on a possible utilization of waste products formed during the production of commercial and food inorganic salts are presented. Application of wastes in the production of compound fertilizers was suggested. The work covered a full research cycle starting from laboratory tests and ending on the production implementation. Fertilizer formulas were developed on the basis of laboratory tests. A possible production of fertilizers of suggested compositions was tested on a pilot plant scale. The compound fertilizer production with the use of waste raw materials was implemented in Chemical Company Alwernia S.A. It reduced the amount of wastes directed to industrial waste site.

9

Application of local bidirectional language model to error correction in polish medical speech recognition

Sas J.

Journal of Medical Informatics & Technologies

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2010

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Vol. 15

127--134

EN

In the paper, the method of short word deletion errors correction in automatic speech recognition is described. Short word deletion errors appear to be a frequent error type in Polish speech recognition. The proposed speech recognition process consists of two stages. At the first stage the utterance is recognized by a typical speech recognizer based on forward bigram language model. At the second stage the word sequence recognized by the first stage recognizer is analyzed and such pairs of adjacent words in the recognized sequence are localized, which are likely to be separated by a short word like conjunction or preposition. The probability of short word appearance in context of found words is evaluated using centered trigrams and backward bigram language model for short words prone to deletion. The set of probabilistic language properties used to correct deletions is called here Local Bidirectional Language Model (in contrast to purely forward or backward model used typically in speech recognition). The decision of short word insertion is based on comparison of deletion error probability of the first stage recognizer and the error probability of the decision based only on centered trigrams and backward model. Despite its simplicity, the method proved to be effective in correcting deletion errors of most frequently appearing Polish prepositions. The method was tested in application to medical spoken reports recognition, where the overall short word deletion error rate was reduced by almost 45%.

10

Bariery rozwoju rynku sprężonego gazu ziemnego do napędu pojazdów w Polsce

Kwaśniewski K., Sas J.

Wiertnictwo, Nafta, Gaz

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2009

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T. 26, z. 3

527-537

PL

Prognozy dotyczące głównych paliw alternatywnych do pojazdów na rok 2020 oceniają potencjał rynkowy paliw produkowanych z biomasy na 15%, gazu ziemnego na 10%, LPG na 5% i wodoru na kilka procent. Strategie rozwoju rynku NGV w Europie czy w regionie Azji i Pacyfiku są zdecydowanie różne. Substytucja paliw ropopochodnych w Polsce na zakładanym poziomie 2% w roku 2010 i 5% w roku 2015 nie będzie możliwa do zrealizowania, cele strategiczne w tym zakresie należy zatem skorygować. Na obecnym etapie rozwoju rynku w Polsce kluczowym zagadnieniem są strategie wdrożeniowe oraz koszty. Rozwiązania w zakresie wytwarzania pojazdów oraz sprężania gazu są technologią w pełni dojrzałą i nie stwarzają żadnego ryzyka operacyjnego. Doświadczenia krajów europejskich wskazują, że osiągnięcie "masy krytycznej" wymaga wybudowania w Polsce kilkuset czynnych całodobowo stacji sprężania, a analiza kosztów operacyjnych najlepszych rozwiązań w kraju pokazuje, że budowa i eksploatacja stacji może być efektywna przy cenie CNG na poziomie 1,35 zł/Nm3 (dotyczy poziomu cen I kwartału 2009), a więc zapewniającej konkurencyjność wobec paliw ropopochodnych. Jednak PGNiG S.A. powinno dokonać reorientacji strategii eksploatacji posiadanych stacji sprężania, standaryzacji rozwiązań w zakresie ich budowy i wyposażenia oraz polityki cen CNG.

EN

The forecast for 2020 for the main alternative gas for vehicles estimate the economic (market) potential of fuel produced of bio-mass at 15%, natural gas at 10%, LPG at 5% and hydrogen at a few percent. The development strategies of the NGV market in Europe and in the Asia-Pacific area are completely different. The substitution of fuel oil derivatives in Poland on the estimated level of 2% in 2010 and 5% in 2015 will not be possible to implementation (realization); thus the strategic aims in this area have to be corrected (adjusted). The implementing strategies and costs are the crucial issues at the present stage of the market development in Poland. The solutions of vehicles production and gas compression are the fully developed technology and do not create any operational risk. Based on the European countries experiences we can say that in order to reach the critical mass it is necessary to build in Poland a few hundred CNG gas stations, opened 24 hours. The analysis of operational costs of the best solutions in Poland shows that construction and exploitation of the gas stations can be effective at the 1,35 zł/Nm3 CNG price (for the prices of the first three months); so it guarantees the competitiveness toward the fuel oil derivatives. In that case PGNiG S.A. is obliged to reorientate its strategy of exploitation their CNG gas stations, to standardize the solutions of constructing and equiping as well as the CNG price policy.

11

Optimal spoken dialog control in hands-free medical information systems

Sas J.

Journal of Medical Informatics & Technologies

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2009

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Vol. 13

113--120

EN

In the paper a method of optimal selection of utterances used as command entry-words for voice controlled application is presented. Voice controlled programs seem to be particularly useful in the area of medical informatics, where a physician interacts with a program by voice while operating the medical device or being involved in examinations requiring manual activities. The proposed method selects command words from sets of proposals defined for each command so as to minimize the overall probability of incorrect command recognition. First the entry-word dissimilarity matrix is calculated. The word dissimilarities are evaluated using HMM models consisting of appropriately trained acoustic models of the phonemes constituting words. The trained HMM is used as the sample utterance generator for the word. The artificially created utterance samples are then recognized by speech recognizers created for pairs of words. The estimation of correct recognition probability is used as the word dissimilarity measure. The word dissimilarities are then used to determine the average assessment of words selections that can be used as commands. Selection is created by choosing single word from sets of candidates defined for each command. Finally, suboptimal selection is found by using genetic algorithm. Experiments carried out prove that suboptimal selection of command entry-words can observably increase the accuracy of spoken commands recognition in many cases.

12

Sprężony gaz ziemny jako paliwo do pojazdów : alternatywa dla transportu publicznego w Zakopanem

Kwaśniewski K., Sas J.

Wiertnictwo, Nafta, Gaz

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2008

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T. 25, z. 2

417-425

PL

Jednym z kluczowych wyzwań współczesnego świata jest ograniczenie emisji szkodliwych substancji do atmosfery. Decydujący wpływ na poziom tej emisji ma przemysł, ciepłownictwo oraz transport samochodowy i lotniczy. W skali lokalnej struktura emisji do atmosfery może być zupełnie odmienna, zwłaszcza w ośrodkach, gdzie nie ma rozwiniętego przemysłu. Zakopane - miejscowość typowo turystyczna, jest niestety narażona na pojawianie się smogu. Ma to swoje główne przyczyny w emisji spalin z ciepłownictwa oraz spalin z pojazdów samochodowych. W artykule zaproponowano rozwiązania organizacyjne i finansowanie projektu dotyczącego zmiany tradycyjnego paliwa (ON, benzyna) na gaz ziemny sprężony, dla transportu publicznego w Zakopanem, co pozwoliłoby istotnie zmniejszyć emisję CO2, CO i innych szkodliwych substancji do atmosfery, a przez to poprawić jakość powietrza w tej miejscowości.

EN

One of the key challenges of contemporary world is reducing toxic emissions to the atmosphere. The level of emissions is defined by industry, heating industry, car and air transport. At a local scale, the structure of atmospheric emissions can vary in places where the industry has not developed. Zakopane is a typically tourist-oriented place, which, however is endangered with smog formation. This is mainly caused by the waste gases emission from heating plants and from the combustion of car fuels. The organization and financial solutions of a project dedicated to replacing of traditional fuel (ON, gasoline) with compressed natural gas for public transport in Zakopane, were proposed. They would enable reducing atmospheric emissions of CO2, CO and other noxious substances, thus improving the quality of air in Zakopane.

13

Multistage semi-automatic text image segmentation for training set acquisition in handwriting recognition

Sas J.

Systems Science

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2008

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Vol. 34, no 1

107-126

EN

In the paper, a complete method of text image segmentation into the images of individual characters is proposed. The ultimate aim of the segmentation process is to prepare a set of correctly labeled character samples that can be used to train the character classifier applied as the component of the handwritten word recognizer. The method proposed consists of two stages. At the first stage, the text image is first divided into lines and then the lines are segmented into words. In this phase, the known spelling representation of the text on the image is used, so as to obtain as many segments as the number of words in the text. The information about the expected width of known words is also utilized. At the second stage, the obtained images of known words are segmented into individual characters. The multiphase procedure is applied. It first segments individual words independently, using the estimates of character widths obtained by the complete text corpus analysis. Then the global text segmentation is elaborated, which maximizes the similarity measures of samples extracted for all alphabet characters. Genetic algorithm is applied in this phase. Finally, the segmentation variants represented by chromosomes in the terminal population of the genetic algorithm are locally refined and the most dissimilar samples in sets corresponding to the alphabet characters are rejected. The experiments conducted showed that the accuracy of handwriting recognition achieved by recognizers trained with the training set obtained with the proposed method is close to the accuracy achievable with the training set prepared by a human expert.

14

Application of automatic speech recognition to medical reports spoken in Polish

Hnatkowska B., Sas J.

Journal of Medical Informatics & Technologies

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2008

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Vol. 12

223--229

EN

The paper presents an attempt to automatic speech recognition of Polish spoken medical texts. The attempt resulted in experimental system that can be used as a tool for practical applications. The system uses a typical recognition method based on Hidden Markov Model and domain-specific language model. Implemented software made it possible to conduct many experiments aimed on evaluation of the assumed approach usefulness. Obtained experiment results are presented and analyzed. The system architecture and the way in which it can be integrated with hospital information systems is also exposed.

15

Strategia kształtowania poziomu cen CNG w oparciu o analizę rentowności granicznej dystrybutora gazu i operatora floty pojazdów

Kwaśniewski K., Sas J.

Wiertnictwo, Nafta, Gaz

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2006

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R. 23/1

293-300

PL

Spośród paliw alternatywnych gaz ziemny ma największy potencjał rynkowy, pozwalający zmniejszyć wysoki stopień uzależnienia sektora transportowego od ropy naftowej oraz ograniczyć szkodliwość jego oddziaływania na środowisko. W artykule przedstawiono perspektywy rozwoju rynku paliw alternatywnych - w tym rynku CNG w Polsce. Omawiając ekonomiczne aspekty substytucji paliw tradycyjnych alternatywnymi, autorzy przeprowadzają analizę rentowności granicznej inwestycji - budowy stacji sprężania oraz wymiany części floty pojazdów. Na tej podstawie próbują oszacować cenę CNG zapewniającą rozwój rynku NGV przy spełnieniu warunku efektywności inwestycji. Aby warunek ten mógł być spełniony w długim horyzoncie czasowym i tym samym stymulować szybszy rozwój sektora NGV, konieczna jest odpowiednia polityka podatkowa państwa

EN

From among alternative fuels, in the nearest future it is the natural gas that will have big enough economic potential which may reduce the highest level dependency of the transport sector on fuel oil, additionally reducing its harmful influence on the environment. The article presents the perspectives of market development of alternative fuels including CNG in Poland. Discussing the economic aspects of substitution of fuel, the authors do the BEP (Break-Even Analysis) investment i.e. the building of a compression station as well as the replacement of the fleet of vehicles. On this basis they look for the best price assuring development of the NGV market under fulfilment of the condition of effectiveness of investment. In order to fulfil this condition in the long-term perspectives and at the same time stimulate the faster development of the NGV sector, the appropriate tax policy is necessary in our country

16

Handwritten text recognition using incomplete probabilistic lexicon and character language model

Sas J.

Systems Science

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2006

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Vol. 32, no 2

45-61

EN

In the paper, a novel concept of two-level handwritten word recognizer is presented, which uses language models on word and character levels. Word level unigram language model (called here probabilistic lexicon) contains words most frequently appearing in the domain of texts being recognized with their prior probabilities. The probabilistic lexicon does not have to be complete but the recognizer is expected to recognize also words that do not belong to the lexicon. The proposed recognizer is a combination of two simpler word soft classifiers. The first classifier uses incomplete probabilistic lexicon. In result, it recognizes only words from the lexicon. The second one applies language character model to support recognition, so it is not constrained by the lexicon and in this way lexicon incompleteness is compensated. Character level language model contains conditional probabilities of character succession and precedence. It is used to create two Hidden Markov Models. The first of them analyses the word from left to right; the second one performs word analysis in reversed order. Viterbi procedure finding the set of most probable character sequences in HMM is used as the soft word recognition algorithm. Results of soft recognition provided by all component classifiers are combined, yielding final word recognition. The method was experimentally examined in an application to handwritten medical texts recognition. Experiment results are presented and discussed.

17

Scenariusze rozwoju rynku gazu ziemnego w Polsce - analiza jakościowa i implikacje dla PGNiG SA

Łucki Z., Kwaśniewski K., Sas J.

Wiertnictwo, Nafta, Gaz

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2004

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R. 21/1

209-217

PL

W artykule przedstawiono podstawowe informacje o stanie gazownictwa polskiego na tle przemysłu gazowniczego Unii Europejskiej oraz o restrukturyzacji wymaganej przez europejskie dyrektywy gazowe. Opisano cztery potencjalne scenariusze rozwoju rynku gazu ziemnego w Polsce oraz ich przewidywany wpływ na losy PGNiG SA. Podkreślono, że utrzymanie się tego przedsiębiorstwa na rynku, będzie wymagało zmiany strategii działania i nabycia nowych kompetencji.

EN

Basic information about the Polish natural gas market as compared to the EU natural gas industry is presented as well as restructuring required by the European Gas Directives. Four possible scenarios of the Polish natural gas market development and their potential impact on future of the Polish Oil and Gas Company (PGNiG) are described. The emphasis is put on the fact that to survive PGNiG must change strategy and acquire new competencies.

18

Rynek gazu w aspekcie rozwoju ngv na terenie działania karpackiej spółki gazownictwa

Menżyński M., Sas J.

Rynek Energii

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2004

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nr 3

7-11

PL

W artykule przedstawiono aktualne informacje dotyczące rynku sprężonego gazu ziemnego (CNG) na świecie oraz w Polsce. Uzasadniono przydatność stosowania gazu ziemnego jako paliwa w pojazdach mechanicznych, głównie w aspekcie uzyskiwanych korzyści ekologicznych i ekonomicznych. Ponadto przedstawiono aktualną sytuację oraz ocenę możliwości rozwoju rynku CNG na terenie działalności Krakowskiej Spółki Gazownictwa (KSG Sp. z o.o.).

EN

The article presents actual information concerning the CNG market in the world and in Poland. Reasons for using natural gas as a fuel in mechanical vehicles have been given, mainly from the viewpoint of ecological and economical benefits. Moreover, the actual situation of the CNG market and an assessment of its developmental potential in the Carpathian Gas Company operating area. have been given.

19

Handwritten laboratory test order form recognition module for distributed clinic

Sas J.

Journal of Medical Informatics & Technologies

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2004

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Vol. 8

MM59--68

EN

The work describes methods used in a laboratory order form recognition module of a hospital information system. Three-level form analysis architecture is proposed. The lower alphabetical level is responsible for separate character recognition. On the intermediate level, recognised strings are verified against the lexicons of items specific for a particular form field. Probabilistic model is used to select the set of most probable items. On the upper level, the dependencies between the form data items are taken into account to further improve the recognition performance. The presented approach was implemented in the medical information system supporting clinic laboratory operation. The laboratory test orders prepared manually by the physician in the paper form, in the net of distributed outpatient clinics are processed in the central hospital laboratory. In the central laboratory the paper forms are scanned, recognised and entered into the information system. The performance tests results are discussed and some further improvements of the applied recognition method are also suggested in the paper.

20

Problemy dostępu do danych z urządzeń typu palmtop z transmisją danych GPRS/WLAN na przykładzie medycznego systemu informacyjnego

Sas J., Radliński P.

Zeszyty Naukowe Wydziału ETI Politechniki Gdańskiej. Technologie Informacyjne

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2003

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nr 2

423--430

PL

Systemy informatyczne wykorzystujące urządzenia przenośne typu palmtop lub handheld w znacznym stopniu upraszczają dostęp do danych w zastosowaniach wymagających mobilności, takich jak medycyna, handel itp. Na rynku oprogramowania dla wspomnianych urządzeń dominują jednak systemy działające w oparciu o replikacje danych, a stosunkowo niewiele rozwiązań oferuje natychmiastowy dostęp do bazy danych. Przyczyną jest prawdopodobnie brak interfejsów do typowych serwerów baz danych dla urządzeń przenośnych. W referacie przedstawiona jest architektura podsystemu dostępu do bazy danych z aplikacji na komputerach palmtop. Proponowana metoda wykorzystuje własny serwer zapytań i funkcjonalności działający jako program pośredniczący pomiędzy urządzeniem przenośnym a serwerem SQL. Jako przykład zastosowania proponowanego podejścia przedstawiono system zdalnego dostępu do danych dla potrzeb służby zdrowia, wykorzystujący transmisję danych GPRS lub bezprzewodową sieć lokalną. Dla takiego przykładowego systemu przeprowadzono analizę kosztów jego eksploatacji przy wykorzystaniu sieci WLAN i GPRS oraz przedstawiono porównanie wyników.