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Magnetic characterization of microcrystalline Na3Ln0.99–xEr0.01Crx(PO4)2 orthophosphates synthesized by Pechini method (Ln = La, Gd)

Kaczmarek S. M., Leniec G., Fuks H., Skibiński T., Pelczarska A., Godlewska P., Hanuza J., Szczygieł I.

Materials Science Poland

2017

Vol. 35, No. 4

733--745

Na3Ln(PO4)2 orthophosphates (Ln = La, Gd) doped with Er3+ and co-doped with Cr3+ ions were synthesized by Pechini method and characterized by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and magnetic susceptibility measurements. Low temperature EPR spectra were detected and analyzed in terms of temperature dependence and the structure of the obtained materials. They show that erbium and chromium ions substitute Ln3+ and also Na+ ions or Na+ channels forming complex EPR spectra. Both kinds of ions reveal ferromagnetic type of interaction which shows some anomaly at the temperature between 10 K and 15 K. Magnetic susceptibility reveals a weak antiferromagnetic kind of interaction dominating in the whole temperature range, from 3.5 to 300 K.

Okno w architekturze mieszkaniowej. Wybrane aspekty socjologiczne i psychologiczno-emocjonalne

Pelczarska A.

Prace Naukowe Wydziału Architektury Politechniki Wrocławskiej. Architektura Mieszkaniowa

2004

Vol. 4, nr 4

180-187

Window's significance in an interaction between the microcosmos of the dwelling and the outside world is determined by a number of factors, among which human's psychical needs and deep-rooted in culture and tradition values are playing considerable part. Windows as sources of information crossing in both directions are meaningful architectural components, causing that building is like a living creature. Windows of dwellings, observed from the outside, are private zones in a public space, offering inhabitants the possibility of communication with surroundings by mainly visual statements. They may emphasize individuality of tenants or express their solidarity with members of local community and with the events that are important for them. In the block of flats windows are meaningful architectural means which may strengthen or reduce identity of inhabitants with their living place, important from psychological point of view. As a source of light and view, windows and their arrangement determine a perception of the habitable room interior on many layers, favourably or negatively influencing living conditions. The life is based on interaction with the surroundings. In creating human's living space, window has invariably been for ages one of the basic mediums in that relationship, both on physical and psychical level of human needs. Unfortunately, the importance of the latter seems to be often underestimated in contemporary housing architecture.