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1

Camouflage Assessments with Digital Pattern Painting Based on the Multi-Scale Pattern-in-Picture Evaluation Model

Jia Qi, Xu Weidong, Yi Yang, Liu Jun, Hu Jianghua, Zhu Liyan, Yang Xin

Fibres & Textiles in Eastern Europe

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2023

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Vol. 31, no. 2

39--50

EN

In general, traditional evaluations of target camouflage effects are usually conducted based on observational data and general results of statistical analysis. This widely applied methodology quantifies the detection and identification probabilities of camouflage objects but has considerable shortcomings. This data evaluation process is laborious and time-consuming and very low in reproducibility, which sheds light on the necessity of developing a more efficient method in this study field. The growth of computeraided image processing technology provides technical support for camouflage effect evaluation based on digital image processing. Digital pattern painting, which has been previously applied to combat utility uniforms, is a new methodology full of potential due to its broad geographical adaptability. This study proposes a multi-scale pattern-in-picture method to evaluate camouflage effects at different distances. We also established a computer-aided background image library and camouflage assessments with digital simulation and created an evaluation system that could be effectively applied to combat utility uniforms. More than 40 testers participated in this study, who were asked to score the designed camouflage schemes using the evaluation system proposed. The data from simulation assessments and individual evaluations show that the computer-aided simulation assessments conducted as part of this research can efficiently and objectively evaluate the camouflage effect on military objects.

2

Deep networks for image super-resolution using hierarchical features

Yang Xin, Zhang Yifan, Zhou Dake

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences. Technical Sciences

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2022

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Vol. 70, nr 1

art. no. e139616

EN

To better extract feature maps from low-resolution (LR) images and recover high-frequency information in the high-resolution (HR) images in image super-resolution (SR), we propose in this paper a new SR algorithm based on a deep convolutional neural network (CNN). The network structure is composed of the feature extraction part and the reconstruction part. The extraction network extracts the feature maps of LR images and uses the sub-pixel convolutional neural network as the up-sampling operator. Skip connection, densely connected neural networks and feature map fusion are used to extract information from hierarchical feature maps at the end of the network, which can effectively reduce the dimension of the feature maps. In the reconstruction network, we add a 3×3 convolution layer based on the original sub-pixel convolution layer, which can allow the reconstruction network to have better nonlinear mapping ability. The experiments show that the algorithm results in a significant improvement in PSNR, SSIM, and human visual effects as compared with some state-of-the-art algorithms based on deep learning.

3

New far-field extrapolation method for the computation of electric fields

Yang Xin

Optica Applicata

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2021

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Vol. 51, nr 3

321--333

EN

The extrapolation of the electric field is studied theoretically both in frequency domain and time domain. Combining Gauss’s law with the approximation method in engineering, two new formulas for the scattering field calculation are derived from different logical ideas based on Stratton-Chu formula. The consistency property of the derived formulas is investigated, and the third formula for the scattering field calculation is further obtained. Finally, the time-domain extrapolation is discussed based on the formulas, followed by a simple numerical example. The results obtained are characterized by a simple form and intuitive physical meaning, and are helpful to calculate certain engineering problems.

4

Simulation Evaluation Method for Fusion Characteristics of the Optical Camouflage Pattern

Yang Xin, Xu Wei-Dong, Liu Jun, Jia Qi, Zhu Wan-Nian

Fibres & Textiles in Eastern Europe

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2021

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Vol. 29, no. 3 (147)

103--110

EN

A comprehensive evaluation system for a camouflage design combining local effect evaluation and global sampling is developed. Different from previous models, this method can sample and evaluate target camouflage in a wide range of combat areas, thereby obtaining a comprehensive evaluation effect. In evaluating local effects, the Gaussian pyramid model is adopted to decompose the image on a multi-scale so that it can conform to the multi-resolution property of human eyes. The Universal Image Quality Index (UIQI) conforming to features of eye movements is then adopted to measure the similarities between multi-scale targeted and background brightness, color and textural features. In terms of the imitation camouflage pattern design algorithm, uniform sampling is used to obtain the evaluation distribution in the background; while for the deformation camouflage pattern, the sampling distribution is improved to make it conform to the movement rule of the target in the background. The evaluation results of the model for different designs were investigated. It is suggested by the experimental results that the model can compare and evaluate the indicators involved in the process of camouflage design, including integration, polychromatic adaptability and algorithm stability. This method can be applied in the evaluation and contrast of camouflage pattern design algorithms, in parameter optimisation of camouflage design and in scheme comparison in engineering practice, and can provide support of evaluation methodology for camouflage design theories.

PL

W pracy opracowano kompleksowy system oceny projektu kamuflażu, łączący ocenę efektu lokalnego i próbkowanie globalne. W odróżnieniu od poprzednich modeli, ta metoda może próbkować i oceniać kamuflaż celu w szerokim zakresie obszarów walki, uzyskując w ten sposób kompleksowy efekt oceny. Oceniając efekty lokalne, przyjęto model piramidy Gaussa w celu dekompozycji obrazu w wielu skalach, tak aby mógł on być zgodny z właściwościami i rozdzielczością ludzkiego oka. Następnie przyjęto uniwersalny wskaźnik jakości obrazu (UIQI) zgodny z cechami ruchów oczu, tak aby zmierzyć podobieństwa między celowaniem w wielu skalach a jasnością tła, kolorem i cechami tekstury. Jeśli chodzi o algorytm projektowania imitacji wzoru kamuflażu, w celu uzyskania rozkładu oceny w tle zastosowano jednolite próbkowanie; podczas gdy w przypadku wzoru kamuflażu deformacji poprawiono rozkład próbkowania, tak aby był zgodny z regułą ruchu celu w tle. Zbadano wyniki oceny modelu dla różnych projektów. Wyniki eksperymentów wykazały, że model może służyć do porównania i oceny wskaźników procesu projektowania kamuflażu, w tym integrację, polichromatyczną adaptowalność i stabilność algorytmu. Metoda przedstawiona w pracy może znaleźć zastosowanie w ocenie algorytmów projektowania wzorów kamuflażu, w optymalizacji parametrów projektowania kamuflażu i przy porównywaniu schematów w praktyce inżynierskiej, a także może stanowić wsparcie dla metodologii oceny teorii projektowania kamuflażu.

5

Ultrafiltration treatment of wastewater contained heavy metals complexed with palygorskite

Ren Jun, Cao Tiany, Yang Xin, Tao Ling

Polish Journal of Chemical Technology

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2020

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Vol. 22, nr 4

1--9

EN

Palygorskite was applied in complexation-ultrafiltration treatment of heavy metals in wastewater under different pH and ionic strength. The results indicated that the rejection of heavy metals increased significantly with pH value, and decreased slightly with an increase of ionic strength of Na+ and Cl-. A certain concentration of NaCl significantly reduced the rejection rate of Cu2+. The rejection of Cu2+, Zn2+ and Cd2+ could reach over 86.8%, 93.6% and 93.7% at pH of 7 and 0.1 mol/L NaCl. The rejection of heavy metals was severely affected by low molecular weight competing complexing agents and the effect of sodium tartrate was greater than triethanolamine. In the presence of sodium tartrate, the rejection of Cu2+, Zn2+ and Cd2+ could arrive over 81.4%, 57.6% and 60.5% at pH of 7 in 20 min. Palygorskite was offered a potential complexing agent for the removal of heavy metals in wastewater at the complexation-ultrafiltration process.