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1

The new generation of the biologicalengineering materials for applications in medical and dental implant-scaffolds

Dobrzański L. A., Dobrzańska-Danikiewicz A. D., Czuba Z. P., Dobrzański L. B., Achtelik-Franczak A., Malara P., Szindler M., Kroll L.

Archives of Materials Science and Engineering

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2018

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Vol. 91, nr 2

56--85

EN

Purpose: The publication aims to find the relationship between the proliferation of surface layers of living cells and the deposition of thin atomic layers deposition ALD coatings on the pores internal surfaces of porous skeletons of medical and dental implant-scaffolds manufactured with the selective laser deposition SLS additive technology using titanium and Ti6Al4V alloy. Design/methodology/approach: The extensive review of the literature presents the state-of-the-art in the field of regenerative medicine and tissue engineering. General ageing of societies, increasing the incidence of oncological diseases and some transport and sports accidents, and also the spread of tooth decay and tooth cavities in many regions of the world has taken place nowadays. Those reasons involve resection of many tissues and organs and the need to replace cavities, among others bones and teeth through implantation, more and more often hybridized with tissue engineering methods. Findings: The results of investigations of the structure and properties of skeleton microporous materials produced from titanium and Ti6Al4V alloy powders by the method of selective laser sintering have been presented. Particularly valuable are the original and previously unpublished results of structural research using high-resolution transmission electron microscope HRTEM. Particular attention has been paid to the issues of surface engineering, in particular, the application of flat TiO2 and Al2O3 coatings applied inside micropores using the atomic layers deposition ALD method and hydroxyapatite applied the dip-coating sol-gel method, including advanced HRTEM research. The most important part of the work concerns the research of nesting and proliferation of live cells of osteoblasts the hFOB 1.19 (Human ATCC - CRL - 11372) culture line on the surface of micropores with surfaces covered with the mentioned layers. Research limitations/implications: The investigations reported in the paper fully confirmed the idea of the hybrid technology of producing microporous implants and implant-scaffolds to achieve original Authors’ biological-engineering materials. The surface engineering issues, including both flat-layered nonorganic coatings and interactions of those coverings with flat layers of living cells, play a crucial role. Originality/value: Materials commonly used in implantology and the most commonly used materials processing technologies in those applications have been described. Against that background, the original Authors' concept of implant-scaffolds and the application of microporous skeleton materials for this purpose have been presented.

2

Metallic skeletons as reinforcement of new composite materials applied in orthopaedics and dentistry

Dobrzański L. A., Dobrzańska-Danikiewicz A. D., Czuba Z. P., Dobrzański L. B., Achtelik-Franczak A., Malara P., Szindler M., Kroll L.

Archives of Materials Science and Engineering

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2018

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Vol. 92, nr 2

53--85

EN

Purpose: The article concerns the development of completely new groups of composite materials that can be used to produce functional replacements for damaged bones or teeth. Design/methodology/approach: A selective laser sintering was used to produce the reinforcement of those materials from titanium and its Ti6Al4V alloy in the form of skeletons with pores with adjustable geometric features. The matrix of those materials is either air or crystallised from the liquid AlSi12 or AlSi7Mg0.3 alloys condition after prior vacuum infiltration or human osteoblast cells from the hFOB 1.19 (Human ATCC - CRL - 11372) culture line. Findings: The porous material may be used for the non-biodegradable scaffold. After implantation into the body in the form of an implant-scaffold one, it allows the natural cells of the patient to grow into the pores of the implant, and it fuses with the bone or the appropriate tissue over time. The essential part of the implant-scaffold is the porous part inseparably connected with the core of solid materials. Into pores can grow living cells. Research limitations/implications: Biological-engineering composite materials in which natural cells were cultured in the pores in the laboratory next are combined as an artificial material with the natural cells of the patient in his/her body. Practical implications: The hybrid technologies of the all group of those materials were obtained and optimised. Numerous structure research was carried out using the most modern research methods of contemporary materials engineering, and mechanical tests and biological research involving the cultivation of natural cells were realised. Originality/value: The results of the research indicate the accuracy of the idea of implementing a new group of biological-engineering materials and the wide possibilities of their application in regenerative medicine.

3

Badanie zmian temperatury podczas polimeryzacji światłoutwardzalnych dentystycznych materiałów kompozytowych

Świderski W., Malara P., Świderska J., Czech Z.

Przemysł Chemiczny

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2017

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T. 96, nr 5

1179--1182

PL

Przeprowadzono badania zmian temperatury podczas polimeryzacji dwóch materiałów kompozytowych o różnych matrycach (siloranowej i metakrylanowej) w zależności od rodzaju zastosowanej lampy polimeryzacyjnej, odległości od źródła światła i czasu naświetlania. Temperatura podczas naświetlania materiału Filtek Silorane o matrycy siloranowej była istotnie wyższa od temperatury materiału Filtek P60 o matrycy metakrylanowej. Zaobserwowano też istotnie większy wpływ czasu naświetlania na zmiany temperatury podczas naświetlania lampami LED (light-emitting diodes) niż lampą halogenową.

EN

Two com. resin-based composites with silorane-and methacrylate-based matrices were photocured at varying light-curing unit and composite type, curing distance and curing time to obs. the temp. changes. The silorane-based composite was cured at significantly higher temp. when compared with the methacrylate-based one. The curing time showed a stronger effect on temp. changes when the light-emitting diode was used as the light source than when halogen lamp was used.

4

Assesment of the binding strength of selected bonding systems used for cementation of implantoprosthetic suprastructures

Malara P., Pasieka A., Paluch K., Sobolewska K.

Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering

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2017

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Vol. 80, nr 1

18--24

EN

Purpose: of this paper is the assessment of the strength of binding of selected bonding systems used for fixing prosthetic works. The characteristics of cement materials used for settling the crowns on the implant abutments were also included. The study has presented the evaluation of the binding strength of selected bonding systems used for fixed prosthetic works. Design/methodology/approach: Metal substructures of single-unit cement-retained crown were designed and manufactured using CAD/CAM technology. Created wax models were changed to metal substructures and settled on the abutments attached to implant replicas with a group of commonly used dental cements. The binding strength was tested on Zwick Z 100 static tensile testing machine. Findings: It was found that MaxCem is the strongest material among the tested cements which can withstand the force of 175 N. Double cured cements containing the resins may withstand very high tensile strengths which can be a problem when the crown needs to be taken off. The bonding strength of the dental cements can be influenced by the width of the film, its thickness, even distribution of the cement between the crown and the abutment and the setting time. The higher the viscosity of the cement, the lower the retention of the crown on the implant abutment. Research limitations/implications: In order to limit the designing and manufacturing errors the whole technological process should be carried out with CAD/CAM technology. The cement should be evenly distributed inside the metal cup to prevent from creation of empty spaces between the crown and the abutment. It may be necessary to design and manufacture special holders to maintain the samples in the testing machine to minimalize the risk of creation initial tensile forces. Practical implications: The research gives an insight into the possibilities of choosing the cement for bonding the crown onto the implant abutment preserving the connection between the bone and the implant in case of necessity of the removal of the crown. Originality/value: The research is focused on the binding strength of the cements most commonly used for settling the crowns on the implant abutments. It helps with clinical decision making when choosing the proper cement for these purposes.

5

Screw-retained full arch restorations – methodology of computer aided design and manufacturing

Malara P., Dobrzański L. B

Archives of Materials Science and Engineering

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2017

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Vol. 83, nr 1

23--29

EN

Purpose: The aim of the paper is to present the designing and manufacturing process of the screw-retained superstructure of the dental arch in the maxilla based on six implants using CAD/CAM technology. Design/methodology/approach: The methodology is presented on the example of the implantoprosthetic treatment in a 55-year-old female patient with a significant deficit of the alveolar bone. 6 implants were placed to achieve a good anchorage for the ceramic suprastructure. The prosthetic reconstruction was milled out of a zirconium dioxide block and covered with veneering ceramics to obtain good aesthetics of the restoration. Special copings were designed and manufactured to achieve stabile connection between the implants and the suprastructure. Findings: To properly plan the prosthetic work rebuilding the alveolar ridge on dental implants it is necessary to plan the final prosthetic work before implant placement planning the number of implants and their location in the bones and the possibility of using a fixed or a mobile suprastructure. Practical implications: Design of the suprastructure has to take into account the following factors: 1. The number of implants, copings and openings for the abutment screws, 2. Arrangement of teeth in the prosthesis, 3. The shape of the alveolar ridge, 4. The shape of the space for the porcelain and for the individual crowns, which will be pasted on the suprastructure. Originality/value: For technological reasons it is not possible to make an extensive suprastructure in a single piece. It is necessary to execute the foundation of the reconstruction of the alveolar ridge and the teeth in one piece and separately the individual crowns. It is possible, however, to design and manufacture the complex screw-retained prosthetic suprastructures by means of CAD/CAM technology.

6

Contemporary aesthetic restorative dental composite materials

Malara P., Świderski W.

Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering

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2016

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Vol. 78, nr 1

32--40

EN

Purpose: This is a review paper that gives an insight into the most popular group of aesthetic dental materials - dental composite materials. This article describes the historical background, the main features of this group of materials, the cathegorization of the materials in relation to clinical applications and the polymerization proces. Design/methodology/approach: This review is based on the contemporary scientific literature most relevant to the topic. The literature search has been made in Elsevier - Science Direct. Findings: Light-curing dental composites exhibit some resemblance to the construction of the hard tissues of the tooth. They also consist of two basic components. These are: an organic matrix and an inorganic filler. The third component, which is regularly added, is so-called "binding agent". According to the composition of the materials they make a good choice for aesthetic restoration in natural dentition. Practical implications: In the clinical observations there are many complications resulting from inadequate polymerization of composite materials. This may be the result of poor quality of curing lights of a very low intensity, too long distance between the tip of the lamp and the surface of the material or improper exposure time Originality/value: Dental composite materials are the only group of dental materials in which these features are combined together, ensuring naturally looking final effect of the restoration. Easy handling of the dental composite materials together with effective polymerization process with portable light units make these materials a good choice for clinical use.

7

Assessment of the compressive strength of the metal-ceramic connections in fixed dental restorations

Malara P., Paluch K., Sobolewska K., Pasieka A.

Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering

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2016

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Vol. 79, nr 2

66--73

EN

Purpose: The purpose of the work was to evaluate the compressive strength of metalceramic connections in the fixed dental restorations. Design/methodology/approach: Restorations were made on a model of the natural patient's dentition which was developed specifically for this study. The study included 10 metal - porcelain crowns, for each group of teeth. Their production used Remanium 2000+ alloy and porcelain Vita VMK Master. A static compression test was carried out on the final crowns and Vicker's hardness test was performed. Visual observations were carried out on a scanning electron microscope. Findings: On the basis of the research and the discussion it was possible to conclude that metal-porcelain crowns have a greater compressive strength than natural human teeth. Thus, they are more resistant to occlusal forces and the crowns for the first molars are the strongest restorations. Practical implications: The metal-porcelain crowns are a very good option for teeth restoration and they can be used even in the areas of the mouth where the occlusal forces reach the maximum values. Originality/value: The article focuses on testing of compressive strength of metal-ceramic crowns. The comparison with natural human occlusal forces shows the sufficient mechanical properties of metal-ceramic crowns for application in humans. The artificial tooth geometry allows applying prosthetic crowns in the patient's mouth without the risk of ceramic break down.

8

Influence of the light source and curing parameters on microhardness of a silorane-based dental composite material

Malara P., Czech Z., Świderski W.

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials

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2016

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Vol. 61, iss. 3

1331--1336

EN

The aim of the study was to determine the influence of the light source and the light-curing parameters (the distance of the material from the light source and time of light-curing) on microhardness of Flitek Silorane dental composite material. Standardized samples of Filtek Silorane material were cured using two types of Light Curing Units (LCUs) - halogen and LED. The distance of the light source and time of curing differed between samples. The Knoops microhardness was tested using microhardness tester Micromet 5103. Using LED light curing unit allowed to achieve significantly higher microhardness of silorane-based dental material Filtek Silorane than using halogen light curing unit. Decreasing the distance from the light source to the surface of silorane-based material Filtek Silorane improved its microhardness. A prolonged curing time could compensate the drop in microhardness of Filtek Silorane material resulting from an increased distance from the light source to the surface of the material only in a limited range of intervals.

9

Full Contoured Tooth-Implant Supported 3-Pointic All-Ceramic Denture During Occlusal Load Transfer in Lateral Region

Żmudzki J., Malara P., Chladek G.

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials

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2016

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Vol. 61, iss. 2A

843--846

EN

Implant and a tooth supported dentures are avoided by dentists because of uneven distribution of occlusal loads between a stiffer implant and a more pliable tooth. The hypothesis was that a 3-point all-ceramic bridge supported on a natural second premolar tooth and a two-pieces typical implant bears safely mastication loads. The finite element analysis showed that the implant splinted by all-ceramic zirconium bridge with the second premolar was safe under lateral mastication load, but there was found an overload at wide zone of bone tissue around the implant under the load of 800 N. The patients can safely masticate, but comminution of hard food should be avoided and they should be instructed that after such an indiscretion they need to contact a dental professional, because, in spite of integrity of the prosthesis, the bone tissue around the implant may fail and there is a hazard of intrusion of the tooth.

10

The study of the connection between the zirconia substructure and veneering porcelain in dental crowns subjected to occlusal forces

Malara P., Paluch K., Sobolewska K., Pasieka A.

Archives of Materials Science and Engineering

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2016

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Vol. 81, nr 1

5--13

EN

Purpose: The aim of the study was to examine the connection between the zirconia substructure and the porcelain in the dental crowns subjected to simulated occlusal forces. Design/methodology/approach: All-ceramic dental crowns were subjected to Vickers hardness examination, testing of compressive strength and observations of breakthroughs on the SEM. Findings: Based on the research, it was found that the compressive force at which ceramic crowns brake down, are in the range of maximum occlusal loads exerted by man. There is a mechanical connection between zirconia and porcelain. All-ceramic crowns of premolars showed the highest resistance to compressive force, while the crowns of canines are characterized by the lowest resistance to the loading force. In addition, through the research we found that ceramic crowns under static compressive loads brake down and the fracture line runs through the entire thickness of the wall, because zirconium oxide has more than twice the hardness of the porcelain. There is a difference of stresses between the materials, causing fracture of the restoration. Practical implications: The research work shows that the porcelain crowns on the substructure of zirconia (all-ceramic restoration) are a very good option of the restorative treatment in dentistry, rebuilding missing teeth. Originality/value: The article presents a study on the compressive strength of manufactured crowns, followed by a comparison to the natural forces of occlussion in human. The exact mapped tooth geometry and the appropriate veneering porcelain foundation of zirconium allows the use of prosthetic crowns in the patient's mouth without fear that porcelain will be broken.

11

Temperature changes influenced by different types of light curing units during polymerization of resin-based dental composite materials

Malara P, Świderski W., Świderska J.

Archives of Materials Science and Engineering

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2016

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Vol. 79, nr 2

64--70

EN

Purpose: of this study was to evaluate the influence of LCU type on temperature changes during polymerization of two resin-based composites with different matrices (silorane-based and methacrylate-based). Design/methodology/approach: The light-curing units (LCUs) selected for this study included three various LEDs (LED 55, LED 10W and Radii Plus) and a QTH (Elipar Highlight). Two different resin-based composites (RBCs) were used in this study. The silorane-based composite Filtek Silorane and methacrylate-based composite Filtek P60. Temperature changes were measured during polymerization with LCUs working in various curing modes. Empty mold, Filtek Silorane RBC and Filtek P60 RBC were cured from a distance of 0 mm, 2.5 mm and 5 mm. Findings: Regardless the type of RBC, every time the highest temperature was reached with LED 55 light-curing unit. Comparing Filtek Silorane and Filtek P60 RBCs, the temperature of Filtek Silorane RBC was significantly higher with LED 55 (35.4±4.9), Radii Plus (33.5±5.5) and Elipar Highlight LCUs (31.2±3.1), and significantly lower with LED 10W LCU (28.5±7.5). For Filtek P60 the measured temperatures of polymerization were 32.7±3.2 for LED 55 LCU, 29.9±5.6 for LED 10W LCU, 31.0±2.4 for RadiiPlus LCU and 30.2±1.8 for Elipar Highlight LCU. Research limitations/implications: The research was carried out for two groups of composite materials used for teeth restoration in modern dentistry. The experiment should be repeated on a broader group of resin-based composite dental materials and should take into account more light-curing units. The study could be also done in situ on a real tooth model. Practical implications: This research gives an insight into the range of temperatures that are generated during polymerization process of dental composite materials. The results of the study are of a great value during choosing the restorative composite material for particular application in the oral cavity, selecting the right light-curing-unit and adjusting the curing parameters Originality/value: The results of the study allow to conclude that the temperature values vary for each resin-based material, according to light-curing-unit type and the distance of curing seemed to have least influence on temperature changes during polymerization.

12

Computer aided manufacturing and design of fixed bridges restoring the lost dentition, soft tissue and the bone

Malara P., Dobrzański L. B.

Archives of Materials Science and Engineering

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2016

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Vol. 81, nr 2

68--75

EN

Purpose: The aim of the paper is to present the methodology of computer aided designing and manufacturing of an all-ceramic multi-unit bridge restoring missing teeth and the lost soft and hard tissues of the oral cavity as a result of surgical treatment of oral tumor. Design/methodology/approach: The methodology of computer aided designing and manufacturing of the multi-unit all-ceramic bridge was presented on the basis of an actual clinical case of a patient who underwent the surgical treatment of myxoma of the oral cavity. All the steps of clinical and technical production of the bridge were described and illustrated. Findings: It is possible to use the CAD/CAM technology to design and manufacture all-ceramic multi-unit bridges restoring missing teeth and the lost soft and hard tissues of the oral cavity. The design of the bridge must be clinically validated using mock-ups and only then can be implemented for the CAM software. Practical implications: Thanks to the method of designing and manufacturing of multiunit all-ceramic bridges for patients with significant lost of the soft and hard tissues of the mouth it is possible to carry out a prosthetic rehabilitation of patients after trauma and tumor surgery. Originality/value: : The execution of extensive bridges with the maximum available height of about 25 mm requires a high technological rigor at the design and manufacture stage. To ensure longevity of the reconstruction, it is necessary to plan all the work while maintaining the maximum thickness of the substructure. It is desirable to provide minimum of 2 mm thick substructure and the surface of at least 20 mm2 or more in the cross-sections. At the same time, the structure of the bridge must be supported on the alveolar ridge to provide aesthetics and endurance.

13

Influence of aging solutions on wear resistance and hardness of selected resin-based dental composites

Chladek G., Basa K., Żmudzki J., Malara P., Nowak A. J., Kasperski J.

Acta of Bioengineering and Biomechanics

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2016

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Vol. 18, no. 3

43--52

EN

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of different plasticizing aging solutions on wear resistance and hardness of selected universal resin-based dental composites. Methods: Three light cured (one nanofilled, two microhybride) and one hybride chemical cured composites were aged at 37 °C for 48 h in distillated water, ethyl alcohol solution or Listerine mouthwash. After aging the microhardness tests were carried out and then tribological tests were performed in the presence of aging solution at 37 °C. During wear testing coefficients of friction were determined. The maximal vertical loss in micrometers was determined with profilometer. Results: Aging in all liquids resulted in a significant decrease in hardness of the test materials, with the largest values obtained successively in ethanol solution, mouthwash and water. The effect of the liquid was dependent on the particular material, but not the type of material (interpreted as the size of filler used). Introduction of mouthwash instead of water or ethanol solution resulted in a significant reduction in the coefficient of friction. The lowest wear resistance was registered after aging in ethanol and for the chemical cured hybrid composite, but the vertical loss was strongly material dependent. Conclusions: The effect of different aging solution, including commercial mouthrinse, on hardness and wear was material dependent, and cannot be deduced from their category or filler loading. There is no simple correlation between hardness of resin-based dental composites and their wear resistance, but softening of particular composites materials during aging leads to the reduction of its wear resistance.

14

Metallographic research of selected alloys used in dentistry

Malara P., Gołombek K., Szczęsna M.

Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering

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2015

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Vol. 73, nr 2

65--71

EN

Purpose: The purpose of this article is to characterize and compare the metallic biomaterials used in dentistry and analyze their structure, properties and chemical composition. Design/methodology/approach:In the research a sample of the following materials was used: Modiral S (cobalt alloy), Heraenium NA (nickel alloy), ARGELOY NP BE-FREE (nickel alloy), ARGENCO 75 SA (gold alloy). Observations was made using a scanning electron microscope Zeiss Supra 35 using secondary electrons and backscattered electrons at the maximum magnification of 20000x. Chemical composition analysis was performed using the scattered X-radiation detector EDS. The research included taking a series of photos of the structure of metallic biomaterials using optical microscope MEF4A ANNIVERSARY. Photos were taken with magnification at 100x, 200x, 500x, 1000x. Hardness testing of various materials was performed using a Vickers hardness tester FM-700. Findings: Studies confirmed a typical dendritic structure for all the alloys. In the structures of the tested alloys compact pores and discontinuity of the structures were observed. On the basis of microhardness of alloys, cobalt alloys, nickel and gold alloy, it was found that cobalt alloy Modiral S has the highest hardness (400 HV). Practical implications: The structure and mechanical properties of alloys determine their particular usage and applications which is important in the selection of materials for specific applications. The Modiral S alloy is used in production of prostheses and combined works. In contrast: Heraenium NA, ARGENCO 75 SA and ARGELOY NP BE-FREE are used in production of dental crowns and bridges. Originality/value: Metal alloys used in dentistry have varying properties. The appropriate structure and mechanical properties of these alloys determine their specific use in dentistry.

15

Degree of conversion of dental composite materials in relation to different light-curing parameters

Malara P., Czech Z., Świderski W.

Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering

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2015

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Vol. 70, nr 2

60--69

EN

Purpose: The aim of the work was determine conversion degree of composite dental materials with different resins in relation to different light-curing parameters. Design/methodology/approach: The article provides an insight on factors influencing conversion degree of composite materials. Standardized samples made of Herculite XRV based on a methacrylate resin and Filtek Silorane based on silorane resin and were cured using two types of Light Curing Units (LCUs) – halogen and LED. The samples were cured at different distances and for different times. Findings:Research has showed that the polymerization of Filtek Silorane composite is significantly slower than polymerization of Herculite XRV composite. Extending exposure time does not compensate for decrease of light intensity caused by increase of the distance of the light source from the surface of cured composite. Research limitations/implications: Further studies on degree of conversion of dental composite materials will allow to expand the knowledge on characteristics of materials used in dental clinical practice. Practical implications: Evaluation of curing methods, curing parameters and good knowledge on units used in light-curing of composite materials allow to acquire filling materials with best functional qualities. Originality/value: The paper presents degree of conversion of composite materials based on different matrixes and cured with different methods.

16

Computer-aided designing and manufacturing of partial removable dentures

Malara P., Dobrzański L. B., Dobrzańska J.

Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering

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2015

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Vol. 73, nr 2

157--164

EN

Purpose: The goal of this article is to present the developed methodology of computer-aided designing and manufacturing of removable partial dentures on the example of the free-end situation in the mandible. Design/methodology/approach: The method of designing and manufacturing of removable partial dentures was developed on the basis of real clinical data coming from a patient with a free-end situation in the mandible. The method is focused on completely virtual designing of the partial dentures made of titanium and chrome-cobalt alloys covered with aesthetic acrylic material. Findings: The CAD/CAM produced prosthesis adheres tightly to the tissue improving its stability, retention and evenly transferring loads on the tissue, causing less interference in the oral mucosa. Research limitations/implications: The development of the precise design procedures, including CAD/CAM, for fabrication of partial dentures is justified because there is still a large group of patients who would benefit from improving the accuracy of these solutions. Practical implications: The development of the precise design procedures, including CAD/CAM, for fabrication of partial dentures is justified because there is still a large group of patients who would benefit from improving the accuracy of these solutions. Originality/value: This paper presents an original method of designing and manufacturing of removable partial dentures. This allows for precise planning of the shape of the denture frame in relation to individual anatomy of the teeth and the soft tissue of the oral cavity. The execution of the CAD/CAM technology allows to avoid changes of the volume and shape of the prosthesis that is very common in conventional manufacturing procedures.

17

Fabrication Of Scaffolds From Ti6Al4V Powders Using The Computer Aided Laser Method

Dobrzański L. A., Dobrzańska-Danikiewicz A. D., Malara P., Gaweł T. G., Dobrzański L. B., Achtelik-Franczak A.

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials

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2015

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Vol. 60, iss. 2A

1065--1070

EN

The aim of the research, the results of which are presented in the paper, is to fabricate, by Selective Laser Melting (SLM), a metallic scaffold with Ti6Al4V powder based on a virtual model corresponding to the actual loss of a patient’s craniofacial bone. A plaster cast was made for a patient with a palate recess, and the cast was then scanned with a 3D scanner to create a virtual 3D model of a palate recess, according to which a 3D model of a solid implant was created using specialist software. The virtual 3D solid implant model was converted into a 3D porous implant model after designing an individual shape of the unit cell conditioning the size and three-dimensional shape of the scaffold pores by multiplication of unit cells. The data concerning a virtual 3D porous implant model was transferred into a selective laser melting (SLM) device and a metallic scaffold was produced from Ti6Al4V powder with this machine, which was subjected to surface treatment by chemical etching. An object with certain initially adopted assumptions, i.e. shape and geometric dimensions, was finally achieved, which perfectly matches the patient bone recesses. The scaffold created was subjected to micro-and spectroscopic examinations.

PL

Celem badań, których wyniki zaprezentowano w artykule jest wytworzenie, metodą selektywnego topienia laserowego (SLM), scaffoldu metalowego z proszku Ti6Al4V na podstawie wirtualnego modelu odpowiadającego rzeczywistemu ubytkowi kości twarzoczaszki pacjenta. Od pacjenta z ubytkiem podniebienia pobierano wycisk gipsowy, który następnie zeskanowano za pomocą skanera 3D, w celu uzyskania wirtualnego modelu 3D ubytku podniebienia, na podstawie którego z użyciem specjalistycznego oprogramowania utworzono model 3D litego implantu. Po zaprojektowaniu indywidualnego kształtu komórki jednostkowej, determinującej wielkość i trójwymiarowy kształt porów scaffoldu, poprzez multiplikację komórek jednostkowych przekształcono wirtualny model 3D implantu litego w model 3D implantu porowatego. Dane dotyczące wirtualnego modelu 3D implantu porowatego przetransferowano do urządzenia służącego do selektywnego topienia laserowego (SLM) i z użyciem tej maszyny z proszku Ti6Al4V wytworzono metalowy scaffold, który poddano obróbce powierzchniowej poprzez trawienie chemiczne. Finalnie otrzymano obiekt o założonych na wstępie: kształcie i wymiarach geometrycznych, które idealnie odpowiadają ubytkowi kości pacjenta. Wytworzony scaffold poddano badaniom mikro i spektroskopowym.

18

Designing and manufacturing of implantoprosthetic fixed suprastructures in edentulous patients on the basis of digital impressions

Malara P., Dobrzański L. B.

Archives of Materials Science and Engineering

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2015

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Vol. 76, nr 2

163--171

EN

Purpose: The aim of the paper is to present the method of computer aided planning and manufacturing of a prosthetic suprastructure based on 6 implants in the totally edentulous mandible using digital intraoral scans. Design/methodology/approach: TThe method of computer aided planning and manufacturing of the implantoprosthetic restoration in the completely edentulous mandible using digital scans is presented on the example of a real clinical case of a patient with a significant deficit of alveolar bone qualified for the implant treatment. The abutments and the final fixed metal-ceramic bridge was designed and manufactured only on the basis of digital scanning of the intraoral supporting area instead of using traditional impression materials and trays. Findings: The method of computer-aided design and manufacturing of fixed restorations in the mandible using a digital scan of the supporting area is a powerful technique for improving the treatment process, through which the clinician and the patient may obtain satisfactory results in terms of functionality and aesthetics. Practical implications: The experience gained by the authors of the article in the technique of computer aided designing and manufacturing of fixed bridges on the basis of digital intraoral scans allows for the formulation of rules that must be followed at both clinical and laboratory stages. The properly performed scanning allows to obtain greater precision of the final restoration in terms of fit and occlusal accuracy. Originality/value: This paper presents an original methodology of obtaining information about intraoral configuration of the soft tissues and the position of the implants with the use of digital scanning. This method allows for designing and manufacturing of both the abutments and the final restoration without using impression materials which is especially useful in patients with significant bone loss and the gag reflex.

19

Computer-aided design and manufacturing of dental surgical guides based on cone beam computed tomography

Malara P., Dobrzański L. B.

Archives of Materials Science and Engineering

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2015

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Vol. 76, nr 2

140--149

EN

Purpose: The aim of the paper is to present the own method of design and manufacturing of surgical guides on the basis of cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans and three-dimensional models of teeth and soft tissue obtained from impressions or intraoral optical scans, which are possible to use during surgical implant placement. Design/methodology/approach: The method of designing and manufacturing of surgical guides was developed on the basis of real clinical data coming from patients with severe bone deficit qualified for implantological treatment. The model of bone and virtual model of soft tissues were combined together. The project of the prosthetic restoration imposed on the virtual model of the bone was used to plan the position of the implants. The final surgical guide was manufactured with the use of a CNC milling machine. Findings: The method enables planning of the implant position based on two combined models of the bone and soft tissues and allows to design and manufacture a surgical guide. Thus, it becomes possible to place the implants in the bone of the patient during a surgical procedure in a preplanned position. Practical implications: Thanks to the method of designing and manufacturing of surgical guides a range of clinical tasks in preparation of the guides is restricted to registration of the intraoral situation, taking of CBCT scans of the bone and determination of the type of the prosthetic restoration. Properly made surgical guides allow to shorten the time of the surgical procedure and carry it out in a minimally invasive manner. Originality/value: This paper presents an original method of designing and manufacturing of surgical guides. This allows for precise planning of the position and the number of implants and the transfer of these data into the mouth of a patient during the surgery without the use of commercially available closed software.

20

Badania wytrzymałości na ściskanie fotoreaktywnych wypełnień stomatologicznych utwardzanych światłem widzialnym

Świderski W., Czech Z., Malara P.

Przemysł Chemiczny

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2014

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T. 93, nr 12

2214-2217

PL

Utwardzano kompozyty stomatologiczne na bazie żywic epoksydowych, uretano-akrylanowych oraz akrylanowych zawierających oligomer 2,2-bis[4(2-hydroksy-3-metakryloglicerylo)fenolowy], dimetakrylan uretanowy, wielofunkcyjny akrylan, fotoinicjator kamforochinon oraz koinicjator 4-dimetylo-aminobenzoesan etylu, stosując światło widzialne emitowane przez polimeryzacyjną lampę LED. Jako napełniacz zastosowano hydroksyapatyt. Przeprowadzono badania wytrzymałości na ściskanie badanych fotoreaktywnych kompozytów stomatologicznych, porównując je z wytrzymałością utwardzanych światłem widzialnym wybranych komercyjnych kompozytów stomatologicznych.

EN

Oligomeric 2,2-bis[4(2-hydroxy-3-methacrylglyceril)phenol] Bis-GMA, an urethane dimethacrylate, a multifunctional acrylat, camphoroquinone photoinitiator and Et 4-dimetyl-aminobenzoate co-initiator were compounded and cured by using visible light from a light-emitting diode. Hydroxyapatite was used as a filler. The photoreactive dental composites were studied for compression strength by a std. method. The composites were as good as com. ones.