Security modules are dedicated objects which provide security services for a device or an infrastructure. Hardware security modules are often relatively small in size and offer secure storage and processing capabilities. This article first describes the basic concepts and the architecture of general security modules. Then their applications to mobile devices are analysed. The SIM card for cellular networks, which authenticates the subscriber, generates session keys and also stores certain user and network data, constitutes an important example. Then automotive applications are considered where the security of electronic control units (ECUs) is an important issue. A special emphasis is put on the relevant protection requirements and the safeguards which can be realised with security modules. Finally , the potentials of security tokens are analysed. We find that they are an enabling technology for both the mobile and automotive sector. Recent modules offer interesting capabilities including new form factors and interfaces, re-programmable software, standard application platforms and large memory.
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