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Welding stability assessment in the GMAW-S process based on fuzzy logic by acoustic sensing from arc emissions

Cayo E. H., Alfaro S. C. A.

Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering

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2012

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Vol. 55, nr 1

18--25

EN

Purpose: The present research work has as purpose detecting perturbations, measuring and assessing the welding stability in GMAW process in short circuit mode named hereafter as GMAW-S process. Design/methodology/approach: Welding trials were performed with a set of optimal input welding parameters. During experiments were induced some perturbations on the welding trajectory. It causes alteration on the stability of welding resulting as consequence geometrical shape deformations. During each experiments, acoustic emission signal coming from electric arc as well as arc voltage and welding current were acquired aided by a card acquisition and virtual instrumentation software. A heuristic model was performed as knowledge base rules of a fuzzy logic system. This system has two inputs and one output. Some additional welding trials were performed for assessing its performance. Findings: It was performed a welding stability assessment system based on fuzzy logic. As well as, this system is based on non-contact sensing what reduces the loading effects on the welding process. Research limitations/implications: In the present work was monitored just the acoustic emissions coming from arc. Although that, the results were satisfactory, an approach on data fusion of sensors including electromagnetic emission sensors could improve the quality assessments system. Originality/value: The non-contact welding stability assessment methods have reduces loading effects and a heuristic approach on the relations between arc emissions and welding stability allows quantifying nonlinear variables such as knowledge and experience of skilled welders, such that, it is possible to represent linguistic terms numerically what could be used as an on-line monitoring system of welding processes.

2

Relationship between geometrie welding parameters and optical-acoustic emissions from eleetrie are in GMAW-S proeess

Cayo E. H., Alfaro S. C. A.

Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering

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2011

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Vol. 46, nr 1

79--87

EN

Purpose: Show the relationship between geometrie characteristics of the weld bead and the optical-acoustic emissions from electric arc during welding in the GMAW-S process. Design/methodology/approach: Bead on plate welding experiments was carried out setting different process parameters. Every welding parameter group was set aiming to reach a high stability level what guarantee a geometrical uniformity in the weld beads. In each experiment was simultaneously acquired arc voltage, welding current, infrared and acoustic emissions; from them were computed parameters as arc power, acoustic peaks rate and infrared radiation rate. It was used a tri-dimensional LASER scanner for to acquire geometrical information from the weld beads surface as width and height of the bead. Depth penetration was measured from sectional cross cutting of weld beads. Findings: Previous analysis showed that the arc emission parameters reach a stationary state with different characteristic for each experiment group which means that there is some correlation level between them. Posterior analysis showed that from infrared parameter is possible to monitoring external weld bead geometry and principally its penetration depth. From acoustic parameter is possible to monitoring principally the external weld bead geometry. Therefore is concluded that there is a close relation between the arc emissions and the weld bead geometry and that them could be used to measuring the welding geometrical parameters. Research limitations/implications: After analysis it was noticed that the infrared sensing has a better performance than acoustic sensing in the depth penetration monitoring. Infrared sensing also sources some information about external geometric parameters that in conjunction with the acoustic sensing is possible to have reliable information about weld bead geometry. This method of sensing geometric parameters could be applied in other welding processes, but is necessary to have visibility of the arc, it means that for example this method cannot be used in the submerged arc welding - SAW process. Originality/value: The using two or more sensors for monitoring welding parameters increases the performance and reliability of the measurements. In this case, the monitoring of the weld bead geometric parameters could be possible from sensing arc emission and potentially it could be used as an on-line monitor, avoiding any complex electric connections of sensors into the welding process.

3

Weld transference modes identification through sound pressure level in GMAW process

Cayo E. H., Absi Alfaro S. C.

Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering

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2008

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Vol. 29, nr 1

57-62

EN

Purpose: One of the most used processes in the industry is GMAW, in this welding process there is physical phenomena such as the temperature, electromagnetic field, luminosity and sound pressure. It is known that GMAW weld specialized techinicisian combine visual and sound at the work to garantee the process stability. It is important to improve the final weld quality; therefore, the quantification of electrical and acoustical behaviour-within the audible bands, offer an information that is important to comprehend his impirical rules. Design/methodology/approach: With these he can identify the transfer mode, instabilities in the process, determine defects and evaluate the weld quality along the weld bead. The sound signal is captured simultaneously with the arc voltage and current signals. Was proved that first derived from the instantaneous power of the electrical arc presents a behaviour similar to the acoustical with a delay, because the measured sound is airborne. Findings: This relation was corroborated by the comparison between the sound pressure level calculated by electrical signals and by acoustical signals. This relation presented a similarity between the calculated signals greater than that between the sound and the power first derived. Practical implications: Besides that, with the sound pressure level it is possible to identify process instabilities that is not so trivial to realize with the sound pressure signal. In spite of it, the identification of instabilities for the globular and spray tranfer modes displays greater difficulty than that for the short circuit transfer mode. It was shown that the acoustical weld sensing offers information about the behaviour of the tranfer mode and the process stability. Originality/value: The sound quantification would be applied as a control variable for the weld process. Thus, it would be possible to develop similar control strategies as those applied by specialized workers.